Objectives. One of the important causes of flap losses is ischemia-reperfusion damage. Arnebia species are rich in naphthoquinone derivatives which known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Arnebia purpurea extract on viability of the skin flaps. Methods. Eighteen Wistar rats were divided in three groups. Caudal-base...

Ancestor-descendant relationships (ADRs), involving descent with modification, are the fundamental concept in evolution, but are usually difficult to recognize. We examined the cladistic relationship between the only reported fossil pygmy right whale, †Miocaperea pulchra, and its sole living relative, the enigmatic pygmy right whale Caperea marginata, the latter represented by both adult and ju...

I conducted an experiment to assess the effects of aeration on the growth of bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana). Tadpoles in the non-aerated treatment grew slower than tadpoles in the aerated treatment. Tadpoles in the nonaerated treatment were observed at the water's surface more often and on food resources less often than tadpoles in the aerated treatment. Oxygen concentrations in natural a...

Although rarely examined, apparent competition, whereby exotic plants increase consumer pressure on native plants, could play a significant role in affecting native plant establishment in invaded habitats. Moreover, although terrestrial consumer communities often contain many consumer species, little is known about which consumers may generate apparent competition, and whether the strength or m...

A new species Nipponemertes incainca is described from the intertidal zone of Santa Marta, Colombia. A new recent approach based on both morphological and molecular characters is applied for the description. The main characteristics of the species are: red color, head shield-shaped with a mid-dorsal cephalic ridge, furrows pre-cerebral inconspicuous with few faint ridges orthogonal to furrow ax...

A survey was conducted in Iran, on xylophagous beetles, to collect and determine their associated chalcidoid parasitoids (Hym.: Chalcidoidea). Nineteen species of parasitoids are recorded. These species are from 6 families: Chalcididae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae and Pteromalidae belong 4, 1, 1, 2, 4 and 7 species, respectively. Five species were discovered as new record fo...