In order to deal with the question of the applicability of mathematics this article distinguishes between natural mathematics, that is, innate mathematics, and artificial mathematics, that is, mathematics as a discipline. It argues that natural mathematics is applicable to the world because the systems of core knowledge of which it consists, being a result of biological evolution , fit in certa...

OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY P. O. BOX 1000, FI-02015 TKK http://www.tkk.fi Author Lauri Parkkonen Name of the dissertation Manuscript submitted 2009-04-21 Manuscript revised 2009-05-27 Date of the defence 2009-06-12 Article dissertation (summary + original articles) Monograph Faculty Department Field of research Opponent(s) Supervisor Instructor

Geographically distributed simulations (GDS) overcome the inherent limitations in capabilities of single research infrastructure to accurately represent large-scale complex power and energy systems within representative operating environments real-time. The feasibility GDS has been proven, however, there is a lack confidence its adoption owing limited evidence stability accuracy that ascertain ...