Adipokines are a large group of polypeptide hormones secreted by white adipose tissue able to interact through different receptors with several organs, including liver, central nervous system and gonads. In this review, we will focus on the adipokines that mediate their effects G protein-coupled receptors, namely apelin chemerin. Firstly, review structure (APJ for apelin, CMKLR1, GPR1 CCRL2 che...

It is known that dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission plays an important role in ischemic injury of myocardial infarction (MI). Apelin, an endogenous ligand for Apelin receptor, acts as a key modulator of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we examined the effects of Apelin on MI injury and underlying mechanisms. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were treated with Apelin for 4 week...

Apelin is a recently-isolated bioactive peptide from bovine gastric extract. The gene encodes a protein of 77 amino acids, which can generate two active polypeptides, long (42-77) and short (65-77). Both peptides ligate and activate APJ, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Although an essential role for the apelin/APJ system in blood vessel ...

The transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) system is a major pathway for angiogenesis and is involved in hereditary vascular diseases. Here we report that the gene encoding the vasoactive and vascular cell growth-regulating peptide apelin is a target of the BMP pathway. We demonstrate that apelin expression is strongly downregulated by BMP in an endothelial cell line as wel...

OBJECTIVE The G-protein-coupled receptor APJ and its ligand apelin are highly expressed in the pulmonary vasculature, but their function in this vascular bed is unclear. We hypothesized that disruption of apelin signaling would lead to worsening of the vascular remodeling associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODS AND RESULTS We found that apelin-null mice developed more severe PH c...

Adipokines play key roles in the regulation of bone growth, obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, and HIV infection. As a newly discovered hormone in the adipokine family, the precise role of apelin on articular cartilage metabolism is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of apelin on articular cartilage. In vitro, we examined the effects of apelin on normal chondrocyte pr...

I t has been unclear whether there is a pathway that regulates plasma glucose through the action of peripheral tissue of apelin with the secretory function of insulin, which exerts a control in adipo-cytes in addition to the direct regulation of plasma glucose. Our study was designed to identify the changes in plasma apelin levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese people. We also tr...

The apelin/APJ system has been implicated in obesity-related hypertension. We investigated the mechanism responsible for the pathogenesis of obesity-related hypertension with a special focus on the crosstalk between AngII/its type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling and apelin/APJ expression. Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat (obesity-related hypertension, OH) or normal-fat diet (NF) for 15 weeks were...

Apelin is the endogenous ligand of APJ, which belongs to the family of G protein‑coupled receptors. Apelin and APJ are highly expressed in various cardiovascular tissues, including the heart, kidney and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Although apelin exerts hypotensive effects via activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the ability of apelin to regulate blood press...

Apelin is a recently discovered bioactive peptide, known to be an endogenous high-affinity ligandfor the previously orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Apelin/APJ as a novel signaling pathwayhas been shown to play many crucial roles in cardiovascular function, blood pressure regulation, fluidhomeostasis, feeding behavior, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, adipoinsular axis regulation, cellp...