The harmful use of alcohol inflicts great deal of social and economic losses on individuals and societies. Given the increase in world population and the predicted increase in alcohol consumption, the alcohol related burden of disease progressively catches higher ranks in the list of factors threatening humans' life. It has been considered that the social and economic burden related to alcohol ...

the energy boom of the last decade has led to rapidly increasing wealth in the middle east, particularly in the oil and gas-rich gulf cooperation council (gcc) countries. this exceptional growth in prosperity has brought with it rapid changes in lifestyles that have resulted in a significant rise in chronic disease. in particular the number of people diagnosed with diabetes has increased dramat...

This chapter addresses a topical issue: the creation of a global market for carbon dioxide (CO2) emission permits.1 The recent adoption in the Kyoto Protocol of an ambitious target for global CO2 emission has focused attention on policy instruments for achieving this goal. In addition, increasing awareness of the economic burden of environmental protection has produced an interest in market-bas...

Disasters in the form of coastal storms and hurricanes can be very destructive. Preparing for anticipated effects of such disasters can help reduce the public health and economic burden. Identifying vulnerable population groups can help prioritize resources for the most needed communities. This paper presents a quantitative framework for vulnerability measurement that incorporates both socioeco...

The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection and the associated burden have recently increased in many countries. While the main risk factors for C. difficile infection include old age and antibiotic use, the prevalence of this infection is increasing in low-risk groups. These trends highlight the need for research on C. difficile infection. This study pointed out the prevalence and econom...

BACKGROUND The economic burden of depression was estimated to be 43.7 billion dollars in 1990. A subsequent study reported a cost burden of 52.9 billion dollars using revised prevalence data and a refined workplace cost estimation approach. The objective of the current report is to provide a 10-year update of these estimates using the same methodological framework. METHOD Using a human capita...