The Trivers - Willard hypothesis (1973) suggests that the maternal condition may affect the female's litter size and sex ratio. Since then other factors had been found. Previous findings revealed in the case of some mammalian species, that females with larger anogenital distance have smaller litters, while the sex ratio is male-biased. That has only been demonstrated in laboratory animals, whil...

The fine structure of the human wart virus is compared with that of the Shope rabbit papilloma virus. The distribu tion of the viral antigens within the human wart, as determined by immunofluorescence, is described and compared with the distribution of the viral antigens in the rabbit papilloma. The distribution of viral particles in the two lesions, as determined by electron microscopy, is als...

An infectious wart of foot in a patient with diabetics is a medical challenge, and it gets worse when aggravated with burns. We present a case of a 67-year-old Pakistani man, diabetic for 20 years presented at our healthcare centre. While awaiting his culture sensitivity report, he was prescribed an empiric antibiotic therapy. Patient then travelled to Saudi Arabia for pilgrimage 3 days later w...

The Papanicolaou test (or Pap test) has long been used as a screening tool to detect cervical precancerous/cancerous lesions. However, studies on the use of this test to predict both the presence and change in size of genital warts are limited. We examined whether cervical Papanicolaou test results are associated with the size of the largest anal wart over time in HIV-infected women in an on-go...

Latin American transgender women are highly vulnerable to HIV infection, and although much is known about factors associated with HIV infection in this population, little is known about the association of human papilloma virus (HPV) with HIV infection. We investigated anogenital HPV and cumulative HIV incidence among 68, initially HIV uninfected, Peruvian transgender women enrolled into a 2-yea...

OBJECTIVE To determine if application of duct tape is as effective as cryotherapy in the treatment of common warts. DESIGN A prospective, randomized controlled trial with 2 treatment arms for warts in children. SETTING The general pediatric and adolescent clinics at a military medical center. PATIENTS A total of 61 patients (age range, 3-22 years) were enrolled in the study from October 3...

OBJECTIVE To compare patient tolerance and treatment efficacy of subcutaneous interferon (IFN) alpha 2a plus cryotherapy versus cryotherapy alone in treatment of primary anogenital (AG) warts. DESIGN Randomised placebo controlled observer blind study. Statistical analysis was by chi square and Mann Whitney U tests. PATIENTS 60 patients with newly diagnosed AG warts. INTERVENTION 29 and 31...

In mammals, prenatal exposure to sex steroid hormones may have profound effects on later behavior and fitness and have been reported under both laboratory and field conditions. Anogenital distance is a non-invasive measure of prenatal exposure to sex steroid hormones. While we know that intra-uterine position and litter sex ratio influence anogenital distance, there are other, heretofore unstud...

AIM To make a quantitative evaluation by image analysis of oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and androgen receptors in papillary hidradenomas and anogenital sweat glands. METHODS 20 papillary hidradenomas and the anogenital sweat glands detected in surgical specimens selected from 10 vulvectomies for squamous carcinoma, eight haemorrhoidectomies, and one anal polypectomy, all from ...

BACKGROUND Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. Among the 630 million new cases of HPV that occur each year, 30 million develop anogenital warts. Although subclinical infection with HPV is the most common cause, genital warts are also associated with immunosuppression caused by HIV. In view of the high prevalence of HPV/HIV co-...