By supplementing income explicitly through payments or implicitly through taxes collected, income-based taxes and transfers make disposable income less variable. Because disposable income determines consumption, policies that smooth disposable income also create welfare improving consumption insurance. With data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics we find that annual consumption variation i...

OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors, and their interactions, for suicidal ideation among the elderly in rural communities of Hunan and to provide some scientific basis for suicide prevention. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the elderly in rural communities in China's Hunan Province. Thirteen areas were selected by multi-staged cluster random sampl...

climate change is a phenomenon that has made the most concern in communities and decision making centers. this phenomenon has important effects on different aspects of human life. one of the most important crops that are affected by climate change is wheat. accordingly, data and information of northern khorasan have been used to study the effects of climate change on rain-fed wheat yield. for t...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of patient out-of-pocket costs on adherence to antihypertensive agents (AHA) in community-dwelling older adults covered by the public drug insurance plan in Quebec. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data from the "Étude sur la santé des aînés" study (2005-2008) on community-dwelling older adults in Quebec aged 65 years and older (N=2,811). The final samp...

Article history: Received 20 April 2017 Received in revised form 2 July 2017 Accepted 31 July 2017 Available online 10 August 2017 The present study examines the association between income and physical activity intensity along the entire continuum using accelerometry in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Specifically, we assessed the relationship between annual household income,...

Using data on annual individual labor income from three representative panel datasets (German SOEP, British BHPS, Australian HILDA) we investigate a) the selectivity of item nonresponse (INR) and b) the impact of imputation as a prominent post-survey means to cope with this type of measurement error on prototypical analyses (earnings inequality, mobility and wage regressions) in a cross-nationa...

background: maternal mortality (mm) is an avoidable death andthere is national, international and political commitment to reduceit. the objective of this study is to examine the relation of mm tosocioeconomic factors and its inequality in iran’s provinces at anecologic level.methods: the overall mm from each province was considered for3 years from 2004 to 2006. the five independent variables wh...

Whether or not a household is counted among the poor depends upon its annual money income. As a measure of economic status, however, annual money income has serious limitations. In this paper an alternative indicator of economic status, called earnings capacity, is developed. Earnings capacity is designed to measure the ability of a living unit to generate an income stream if it were to use its...