Despite considerable research, effective and safe treatments for human pain disorders remain elusive. Understanding the biology of different human pain conditions and researching effective treatments continue to be dominated by animal models, some of which are of limited value. British and European legislation demands that non-animal approaches should be considered before embarking on research ...

In any disease process, pain is always present. This pain can be acute or chronic. It can be caused by our treatment or by our manipulations. It is of variable intensity and the systemic adverse effects can differ from an animal to another. Pain always generates stress for the animal. In some situations, mild levels of pain can be beneficial and may help to avoid catastrophic failure of a fract...

The discovery of imidazoline ligands has opened up a new field of study. The investigation of imidazoline actions independent of adrenoceptors started in the mid 1980s. Imidazoline receptors are classified in several subtypes, I1, I2 and I3 binding sites. Although imidazoline sites have been the subjects of research for several years, but there is still controversy about their actions especiall...

The idea that animals used by people should not be treated like inanimate possessions but should be protected from actions which might cause suffering, is very old and widespread in human society. Irrespective of any law, many people have condemned those perceived as being cruel to animals. On the other hand, cruelty was part of some forms of human entertainment. In Europe, laws intended to pre...

The use of genetically manipulated animals in conjunction with classical physiological and biochemical measurement has unravelled many pathological changes in animal models of chronic pain that bear some striking similarities to those described in several chronic pain conditions in humans. In this article, I highlight several limitations in the validation of animal models of chronic pain and th...

In debates about the welfare of animals, different people have tended to emphasize different concerns. Some emphasize the basic health and functioning of animals, especially freedom from disease and injury. Others emphasize the "affective states" of animals – states like pain, distress and pleasure that are experienced as positive or negative. Others emphasize the ability of animals to live rea...

Background and Purpose: Animal models are a necessity in the study of neuropathic pain, and much of what we know about pain comes from studies in mice and rats. However, very few basic discoveries have been translated so far from rodent models into effective pain therapy. This review presents the most important rat models used in basic pain research, discusses their limitations and recommends b...

Animal sentience refers to the capacity of animals feel both positive and negative emotions including that pain. As veterinary health professionals, we have a medical ethical duty mitigate suffering from pain best our ability. In 2014, first Global Pain Council World Small Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment Treatment was published remains this day one most rel...

clinical observations with gross and microscopic changes of acute chemical inflammation of fetlock joint by injecting turpentine oil and gentamycin in 4 donkeys 2 to 4 years of age and 150 to 200kg/bw were recorded. the animals coordination, pain at the site of injection, local heat joint circumferences and weight bearing after inducing arthritis in fetlock forelimb and hind limb were noted dow...

The assessment and management of pain in humans and animals has generated unprecedented discussion in the last 20 y. In the veterinary field, heightened awareness to pain has prompted several professional organizations to make formal position statements which unequivocally mandate pain relief.24 Regulatory bodies primarily concerned with the use of animals in biomedical research and teaching ha...