RATIONALE Appropriate ischemia models are required for successful studies of therapeutic angiogenesis. While collateral routes are known to be present within the innate vasculature, there are no reports describing the detailed vascular anatomy of the murine hindlimb. In addition, differences in the descriptions of anatomical names and locations in the literature impede understanding of the circ...

Convergence is a pervasive evolutionary process, affecting many aspects of phenotype and even genotype. Relatively little is known about convergence in developmental processes, however, nor about the degree to which convergence in development underlies convergence in anatomy. A switch in the ecology of sea urchins from feeding to nonfeeding larvae illustrates how convergence in development can ...

Comparative anatomy and physiology are disciplines related to structures and mechanisms in three-dimensional (3D) space. For the past centuries, scientific reports in these fields have relied on written descriptions and two-dimensional (2D) illustrations, but in recent years 3D virtual modelling has entered the scene. However, comprehending complex anatomical structures is hampered by reproduct...

There are many preservation techniques that used to ensure the changes (odor, color, and elasticity) in characteristics of animal or human bodies after death minimized field anatomy. One most modern anatomic specimen preparation methods is plastination technique. Therefore, primary stages were applied muscle tissue this study. The aim current study present color quantitatively by using a colori...

Inferring the behavior and function of ancient organisms is hard. Some paleontologists would say that it cannot be done because such hypotheses can never be testable, whereas others would say that this is surely a prime task for paleontology—to seek to bring ancient organisms back to life. These issues have long troubled paleontologists. The founder of comparative anatomy, Georges Cuvier (1769–...

Today young Rhesus monkeys, especially Macaca mulatta, are widely used for dental and medical research, and there is no doubt that they will be used even more in the future. Certain regions or systems of this animal-brain, spinal cord, extremity musculafture-have been adequately described, whereas only a meager amount of information has been written about the detailed anatomy of the head, neck,...