To understand the relationship between vernalization and endogenous phytohormones on bolting, phytohormone levels transcriptome changes were measured by LC-MS/MS RNA sequencing before (CK), at end of 16 weeks (Vel) 5 days after (Re). A total 32 compounds significantly changed vernalization; especially, content abscisic acid (ABA) jasmonic (JA) was dramatically decreased more than sixteen three ...

In the winter-annual accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, presence of an active allele of FRIGIDA (FRI) elevates expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a repressor of flowering, and thus confers a vernalization requirement. FLC activation by FRI involves methylation of Lys 4 of histone H3 (H3K4) at FLC chromatin. Many multicellular organisms that have been examined contain two classes of H3K4 me...

The infl uence of vernalization temperature and duration and devernalization treatments on subsequent growth and fl ower development of Campanula ‘Birch Hybrid’ and Leucanthemum ×superbum Bergman ex J. Ingram ‘Snow Cap’ was determined. In the vernalization experiment, plants of ‘Birch Hybrid’ were vernalized at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, or 10 °C for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks. ‘Snow Cap’ was vernalized at 0, 2....

Vernalization is the promotion of the competence for flowering by long periods of low temperatures such as those typically experienced during winters. In Arabidopsis, the vernalization response is, to a large extent, mediated by the repression of the floral repressor FLC, and the stable epigenetic silencing of FLC after cold treatments is essential for vernalization. In addition to FLC, other v...

Vernalization is a key process for premature bolting. Although many studies on vernalization have been reported, the molecular mechanism of vernalization is still largely unknown in radish. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptomes of radish seedlings at three different time points during vernalization. More than 36 million clean reads were generated for each sample and the portions mapped...

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is a biennial plant that requires a cold period in order to induce flowering, a process called vernalization. The period of vernalization required to induce flowering can vary by genotype (between 90-120 days). Holding beets in cold storage (4C) at high humidity (95%) is expensive and labor intensive, requiring specialized equipment and multiple fungicide applications...

in order to  study the effect of beet mosaic virus on sugarbeet seed yield, an isolate of beet mosaic virus was collected from sugarbeet fields in karaj and biologically was purified by inoculation on chenopodium amaranticolor and propagated on beta vulgaris cv. cicla under greenhouse conditions. the infected sap was inoculated on leaves of  sugar beet  7233 variety at  two stages, after and be...

VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) induction by vernalization is one of the earliest events in the vernalization response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, the mechanism responsible for vernalization-mediated VIN3 induction is poorly understood. Here, we show that the constitutive repression of VIN3 in the absence of the cold is due to multiple repressive components, including a tr...

Vernalization is an environmentally induced epigenetic switch in which winter cold triggers epigenetic silencing of floral repressors and thus provides competence to flower in spring. Vernalization triggers the recruitment of chromatin-modifying complexes to a clade of flowering repressors that are epigenetically silenced via chromatin modifications. In Arabidopsis thaliana, VERNALIZATION INSEN...

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the promotion of flowering by cold temperatures, vernalization, is regulated via a floral-repressive MADS box transcription factor, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Vernalization leads to the epigenetic repression of FLC expression, a process that requires the polycomb group (PcG) protein VERNALIZATION 2 (VRN2) and the plant homeodomain protein VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3...