phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

Ziarat drainage basin, in the southern part of Gorgan city, is exposed to mass movement, especially landslide occurrence, due to geologic, geomorphologic, and anthropogenic reasons. The objectives of this study were to predict landslide susceptibility and to analyze the effective factors using rare events logistic regression. In view of this, the map layers of the variables including geology, l...

this research has been taken among the students of high school in karaj city during the years 1391 and 1392. this is a survey research and data gathering is through questionnaires. studying the “an analysis of students’ tendency toward non-native reference groups in karaj”. the questionnaire was distributed among 260 of these students who were chosen through multi step cluster sampling. conside...

Selection based on proper selection indices can be one of the most effective methods for indirect selection of yield and yield components, simultaneously. In order to determination of selection index for improvement of maize yield, 60 single cross maize hybrids were planted in two separate experiments (drought stress and normal conditions) based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with t...

abstract:‎ literature is said beautiful words of poetry or prose that excites reader’s or listener’s feel. certainly, to ‎be effective, such a text should have certain characteristics. the four elements of the literature: thought, ‎imagination, emotion and style make a text to be literary and effective. emotion and imagination are ‎specific elements of literary texts, while thought and style a...