this paper presents a miniaturized open-ended rectangular waveguide antenna radiating below the cut-off frequency of the waveguide with a large bandwidth. Waveguide miniaturization is achieved by periodically loading the antenna with electromagnetic metamaterials consisting of infinity shaped resonators. The metamaterial cell is designed to have a high effective dielectric permittivity in the f...

We introduce a general notion of miniaturization of a problem that comprises the different miniaturizations of concrete problems considered so far. We develop parts of the basic theory of miniaturizations. Using the appropriate logical formalism, we show that the miniaturization of a definable problem in W[t] lies in W[t], too. In particular, the miniaturization of the dominating set problem is...

Abstract This article offers some hypotheses to explain Later Stone Age lithic miniaturization: the systematic creation of small stone flakes on finest-grained materials. Fundamentally, this phenomenon appears represent prioritization tool sharpness over longevity, and a disposable mode using tools. Ethnographic evidence from Australasia, Andaman Islands, Africa is used suggest specific functio...

Analyte affinity capture by surface-immobilized diagnostic agents is a routinely used assay format for profiling numerous medically and technologically important target analytes. These assays suffer from numerous performance limitations, including sensitivity and rapidity. Assay miniaturization is advocated to improve surface-capture performance, specifically exploiting the inverse relationship...

Ever since the invention of the transistor and the possibility to integrate these on a large scale in integrated circuits, miniaturization of electronic devices has become pervasive throughout society. And not only electronic devices are subject to miniaturization, all kinds of man-made structures and products are being made smaller and smaller, in the process retaining their function, and ofte...