learning-oriented assessment seeks to emphasise that a fundamental purpose of assessment should be to promote learning. it mirrors formative assessment and assessment for learning processes. it can be defined as actions undertaken by teachers and / or students, which provide feedback for the improvement of teaching and learning. it also contrasts with equally important measurement-focused appro...

Ethics and mysticism are two transcendental desires of human. Therefore, deliberation on the proportion of mysticism and ethics is important for scholars of the both fields. Some scholars, however, have considered mysticism as incompatible with ethics and some others as something beyond it. Mystics` hermit and their state of being in full meditation and introspection have caused some scholars t...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

Background: The humans’ greed, the productivity of natural resources, the sense of jobbery, and capitalists and producers’ avarice, are some threats to the natural resources. Therefore, the environmental issue has been considered by many scholars. The issue of environmental ethics has been raised in order to solve these problems by the experts. Hence, the present article aimed to highlight the ...

for several years, researchers in familiarity of efl teachers with post-method and its role in second and foreign language learners’ productions have pointed out that the opportunity to plan for a task generally develops language learners’ development (ellis, 2005). it is important to mention that the critical varies in language teaching was shown is the disappearances of the concept of method ...

abstract this study examines the relationship between reading anxiety and difficulty of texts as well as the relationship between reading anxiety and students perceived difficulty of the texts. since difficulty is a relative concept, i limited its definition by sticking to the readability formula. we also took students perceived difficulty levels into account. therefore, in the present study, ...