Electromyography is frequently used to measure the activity of masticatory muscles. It requires the precise setting of the electrodes, which demands the accurate location of the muscle to be evaluated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of an external method to locate the buccinator muscle. Fifteen human cadavers were evaluated and planes were determined on the face using...

UNLABELLED Minimally invasive approach for groin hernia treatment is still controversial, but in the last decade, it tends to become the standard procedure for one day surgery. We present herein the technique of laparoscopic Trans Abdominal Pre Peritoneal approach (TAPP). The surgical technique is presented step-by step;the different procedures key points (e.g. anatomic landmarks recognition, d...

UNLABELLED Auditory Brainstem Implants were developed to partially restore the hearing capabilities of patients without cochlear nerves bilaterally. AIM this paper aims to discuss the clinical and surgical findings of four ABI patients. MATERIALS AND METHOD Four patients diagnosed with bilateral schwannomas received auditory brainstem implants (ABI) and had one of their tumors resected in t...

• Critical knowledge of colorectal anatomy is imperative to performing appropriate endoscopic examinations. • Appreciation for anatomic variations can help in progress during colonoscopy. • Mural findings and internal clues are appropriate adjuvants in helping the endoscopist proceed with forward advancement and eventual cecal intubation. • Looping during colonoscopy is common. Various types of...

IMPORTANCE Improvements in endoscopic technology and reconstructive techniques have made the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) a viable option to approach ventromedial lesions in the region of the hypoglossal canal. Prior to contemplating this surgical corridor, a thorough understanding of anatomic relationships and landmarks is essential to safely approach this region of the posterior skull ...

BACKGROUND Genicular nerve block has recently emerged as a novel alternative treatment in chronic knee pain. The needle placement for genicular nerve injection is made under fluoroscopic guidance with reference to bony landmarks. OBJECTIVE To investigate the anatomic landmarks for medial genicular nerve branches and to determine the accuracy of ultrasound-guided genicular nerve block in a cad...

Abstract Background Central venous catheterization (CVC) is a commonly used procedure in pediatric surgery and intensive care units. For some reasons, catheterizations children are technically more difficult comparison to adult patients. The purpose of this study evaluate the CVC procedures performed with aid anatomic landmarks by experienced (35, 14, 4 years experience) anesthesiologists assoc...

BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction in the skeletally immature patient are becoming more common. The purpose of this study was to develop a reproducible anatomic ACL reconstruction technique, based on intra-articular and extra-articular landmarks, that reliably produces a femoral tunnel of adequate length and diameter while avoiding the distal femoral physis. ...