BACKGROUND Athletes, especially bodybuilders, abuse anabolic steroid drugs to improve their strength and enhance their muscle growth and appearance. This study was conducted to determine the type and frequency of anabolic steroids abuse in bodybuilder athletes in Kerman City. METHODS A confidential questionnaire which included demographic data (age, education), name of abused anabolic drug an...

As Ammatuna and Nijziel note, obtaining an accurate and comprehensive drug history is crucial in the treatment of patients presenting with symptoms that can potentially be attributed to the use of anabolic steroids, including renal disorders. Most people who use anabolic steroids obtain these drugs from the illicit market. Here, many products are manufactured in ‘underground laboratories’ opera...

The use of anabolic steroids among competitive athletes, particularly bodybuilders, is widespread. Numerous reports have noted "hepatic" dysfunction secondary to anabolic steroid use based on elevated serum aminotransferase levels. The authors' objective was to assess whether primary care physicians accurately distinguish between anabolic steroid-induced hepatotoxicity and serum aminotransferas...

Understanding of the mechanism of androgen action has been enhanced by advances in knowledge on the molecular basis of activation of the androgen receptor and the importance of tissue conversion of circulating testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and estradiol. New evidence supports the view that supraphysiological doses of anabolic steroids do have a definite, positive effect on muscle size and...

Introduction: The use of anabolic androgenic steroids is particularly common in regular gyms and fitness centres participants. AAS are usually synthetic derivatives testosterone with effect. However, many people, including users, do not realize how side effects they can cause.The aim the study: study was to assess if people who regularly attend gym aware using by empirical research based on ano...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, modified to enhance its anabolic actions (promotion of protein synthesis and muscle growth). They have numerous side effects, and are on the International Olympic Committee's list of banned substances. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allows identification and characterisation of steroids and their metabo...