Aims and background: Abnormal hip and knee mechanics are often implicated in runners with history of injury. We considered evaluating a simple gait-retraining protocol, using auditory-external feedback, in runners with running-related injuries and abnormal hip and knee mechanics. The effect of using external-feedback may have been more profound if the content of instruction had been relevant to...

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic and anaerobic training on anxiety and cortisol hormone secretion levels in the blood of young wrestlers. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, of 200 wrestlers 20 volunteers (Ageed 17-20 years) who were selected on the basis of having high levels of anxiety were randomly divided into two groups of 10 each...

learning-oriented assessment seeks to emphasise that a fundamental purpose of assessment should be to promote learning. it mirrors formative assessment and assessment for learning processes. it can be defined as actions undertaken by teachers and / or students, which provide feedback for the improvement of teaching and learning. it also contrasts with equally important measurement-focused appro...

Background and Aim: Nesfetin-1 is known as the Neuropeptide which interfere in appetite and glucose hemostasis. Its amount in healthful persons than diabetes sick is variable and changes according to the exercise. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on nesfatin-1 gene expression in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study...

although there are studies on pragmatic assessment, to date, literature has been almost silent about native and non-native english raters’ criteria for the assessment of efl learners’ pragmatic performance. focusing on this topic, this study pursued four purposes. the first one was to find criteria for rating the speech acts of apology and refusal in l2 by native and non-native english teachers...

the purpose of this study was to examine the comparative effect of story retelling and role playing on efl learners’ vocabulary learning and reading comprehension. to carry out the purpose of the study 90 female learners of tabarestan language school located in noshahr were non-randomly selected. they took pet test and among these 90 participants 62 students were selected as homogenous learners...

there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...