BACKGROUND Universal health coverage is high on national health agendas of many countries at the moment. Absence of financial hardship is a key component of universal health coverage and should be monitored regularly. However, relevant household survey data, which is traditionally needed for this analysis is not frequently collected in most countries and in some countries, has not been collecte...

Amortization schemes for authenticating streamed data have been introduced as a solution to reduce the high overhead that sign-each schemes suffer from. The hash chains structure of amortization schemes and the number of hash values appended to other packets affect the efficiency of the authentication scheme specially against packet loss. Which packets should have hashes appended to the signatu...

We describe a novel method for authenticating multicast packets that is robust against packet loss. Our main focus is to minimize the size of the communication overhead required to authenticate the packets. Our approach is to encode the hash values and the signatures with Rabin’s Information Dispersal Algorithm (IDA) to construct an authentication scheme that amortizes a single signature operat...

many researches have depicted there is no significant and positive correlation between it and firm level performance, called productivity paradox, so as successful investment on it depends on taking into account the role of complementary assets such as business processes and organizational infrastructures. on the other hand, since there are not enough resources to invest on all these assets, th...

Salaries 1970-71 Budget Food Service $ 303,245 Supplies & Expenses $ 28,068 Depreciation & Amortization $ 28,068 F.I.C.A, Distribution 14,600 Insurance Allocation 6,000 Interest 40,756 Bldgs. & Grounds Distribution 18,911 Security Distribution 4,955 Utilities Distribution 19,110 Room & Board Expenses 32,868 Retirement Fund Contribution 4,000 Laundry Distribution 23,095 Other Supplies & Expenses...

Koutsoupias and Papadimitriou recently raised the question of how well deterministic on-line paging algorithms can do against a certain class of adversarially biased random inputs [3]. Such an input is given in an on-line fashion; the adversary determines the next request probabilistically, subject to the constraint that no page may be requested with probability more than a xed > 0. In this pap...

10.1 Arrays and Hashing Arrays are very useful. The items in an array are statically addressed, so that inserting, deleting, and looking up an element each take O(1) time. Thus, arrays are a terrific way to encode functions { 1, . . . ,n }→ T, where T is some range of values and n is known ahead of time. For example, taking T = {0,1}, we find that an array A of n bits is a great way to store a ...

The article focuses on the importance of innovative development Ukraine's economy. It is emphasized that although apopheme "innovative development" has become a stamp public speaking in recent years, reality it only flair unsuccessfully covers disparate activities priori can not ensure success this direction. methodological substantiation possibilities economic its strategy, as current measures...

this paper studies the technical efficiency of 12 branches of saman bank over the period 1387-88, relating it to the composition of staff by sex, the ratio of fixed assets to total assets, the age of the branches and the geographic ranking in development indicators of the city where the branch is located in. data envelopment analysis is used to determine the efficiency of branches. the average ...