In Astatotilapia burtoni, dominant males have higher levels of sex steroid hormones than subordinate males. Because of the complex regulatory interactions between steroid hormones and receptors, we asked whether dominance is also associated with variation in sex steroid receptor gene expression. Using quantitative PCR, we compared the expression of specific subtypes of androgen (AR) and estroge...

Both endogenous and exogenous estrogen decrease pulmonary artery (PA) vasoconstriction. Whether these effects are mediated via estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha or ER-beta, and whether the contribution of ERs is stimulus-dependent, remains unknown. We hypothesized that administration of the selective ER-alpha agonist propylpyrazole triol (PPT) and/or the selective ER-beta agonist diarylpropiolnitril...

The development of cancer in breast, thyroid, and uterine tissue is largely due to the uncontrolled expression of the estrogen receptor (ER). A well-founded understanding of the various factors and their interplay in the regulation of ER activity is imperative for the development of treatment and prevention strategies for these cancers. This research proposes to focus on the interactions betwee...

BACKGROUND A key role of estrogens in human sperm biology has been recently suggested by aromatase and estrogen receptor detection in human testicular germ cells and ejaculated spermatozoa. However, the involvement of these hormones in the sperm maturation process is still not defined. The aim of this work was to investigate the expression of estrogen receptors, ER-alpha and ER-beta, in human e...

Retinoids mediate their actions via RARs (retinoic acid receptors) and RXRs (retinoid X receptors). Each class of these nuclear retinoid receptors is further subdivided into three species, namely alpha, beta, and gamma. Recent studies demonstrate that estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast carcinoma (HBC) cell lines and tumor samples exhibit significantly higher levels of RAR alpha than t...

PURPOSE The effects of estrogens are mediated primarily through estrogen receptor (ER) in breast tissue, and polymorphisms in the ER genes may alter the functions of these receptors. Polymorphisms in the ER-alpha gene have been reported to be associated with breast cancer risk. However, to our knowledge, no study has been published on the relation between ER-alpha gene polymorphisms and breast ...

B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) are multimeric transmembrane protein complexes comprising membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mIgs) and Ig-alpha/Ig-beta heterodimers. In most cases, transport of mIgs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cell surface requires assembly with the Ig-alpha/Ig-beta subunits. In addition to Ig-alpha/Ig-beta, mIg molecules also bind two ER-resident membrane proteins,...

Vesicle specific SNAP receptors (v-SNAREs) Bos1p and Bet1p are involved in targeting of anterograde vesicles between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and early Golgi of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To analyze factors that influence the targeting of these proteins, alpha-factor tagged versions of Bos1p and Bet1p were employed. The alpha-factor can be cleaved off by the Kex2p protease as soon as the h...

BACKGROUND Alpha-TEA (RRR-alpha-tocopherol ether-linked acetic acid analog), a derivative of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) exhibits anticancer actions in vitro and in vivo in variety of cancer types. The objective of this study was to obtain additional insights into the mechanisms involved in alpha-TEA induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS alpha-TEA...

For this paper, we studied the time evolution of a system coagulating particles under generalized electrorheological (ER) kernel with real power, $K\left(i,j\right) = \left( \frac{1}{i}+\frac{1}{j} \right)^\alpha$, and monodisperse initial conditions. We used combinatorial framework in which cluster sizes were discrete binary aggregation governed system. modified previously-known solution for c...