Biology teachers are accustomed to engaging individuals who do not accept biological evolution. Denial of evolution ranges from ignorance of the evidence to outright denial or distortion of data. The list of science denial topics has grown alarmingly over the years to include: HIV as the cause of AIDS, exaggeration of the health and environmental risks of genetically modified organisms, existen...

ly speaking, it seems that conflict when applied to communicative action can be reduced to two main types: 1. Making a positive claim which is incompatible with someone else ́s actions or interest. 2. Denying another person ́s positive claim. The denial can take at least the following forms: (i) Explicit denial often combined with a counterclaim (ii) Implicit denial often by satire or irony