The characteristic modulating effects of bacterial membrane adjuvants on the IgG subclass responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were further investigated. Previous studies indicated that more hydrophobic adjuvants preferentially augmented the number of LPS-specific IgG1 plaque-forming cells (PFC) whereas more hydrophilic adjuvants induced predominantly IgG2 PFC, and that complex formation betwe...

Sub-cutaneous immunotherapy is an effective treatment for allergy. It works by helping to modify or re-balance an individual's immune response to allergens and its efficacy is greatly improved by the use of adjuvants, most commonly, aluminium hydroxide. Aluminium salts have been used in allergy therapy for many decades and are assumed to be safe with few established side-effects. This assumptio...

Adjuvants are compounds incorporated into vaccines to enhance immunogenicity and the development of these molecules has become an expanding field of research in the last decades. Adding an adjuvant to a vaccine antigen leads to several advantages, including dose sparing and the induction of a more rapid, broader and strong immune response. Several of these molecules have been approved, includin...

Vaccines that protect against intracellular infections such as malaria, Leishmania and Chlamydia require strong cellular responses based on CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells in addition to antibodies. Such cell-mediated responses can be potentiated with adjuvants. However, very few adjuvants have been licensed for use in humans; thus there is an urgent need for the discovery of new non-toxic ad...

Numerous compounds are under evaluation as immunological adjuvants for improvement of vaccine performance. This review will briefly summarize some of the many diverse substances that are currently being utilized as vaccine adjuvants in preclinical and clinical studies.

Vaccination is one of the most efficient strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases. Although safer, subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic and for this reason the use of adjuvants is strongly recommended. Since their discovery in the beginning of the 20th century, adjuvants have been used to improve immune responses that ultimately lead to protection against disease. The choice of t...

Due to its potential as an effective, needle-free route of immunization for use with subunit vaccines, nasal immunization continues to be evaluated as a route of immunization in both research and clinical studies. However, as with other vaccination routes, subunit vaccines often require the addition of adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Unfortunately, many commonly used experimental v...

Environmental risks resulting from increasing application of herbicides have raised many concerns about human health and safety of agro ecosystems and environment. Hence, it is very important to find practical and effective methods for reducing the use of pesticides in environment as well as the increasing the efficiency of these compounds. Addition of adjuvants to spray solutions could be cons...

Aluminum salts have been widely used in vaccine formulations and, after their introduction more than 80 years ago, only few vaccine formulations using new adjuvants were developed in the last two decades. Recent advances in the understanding of how innate mechanisms influence the adaptive immunity opened up the possibility for the development of new adjuvants in a more rational design. The purp...

In developing veterinary mucosal vaccines and vaccination strategies, mucosal adjuvants are one of the key players for inducing protective immune responses. Most of the mucosal adjuvants seem to exert their effect via binding to a receptor/or target cells and these properties were used to classify the mucosal adjuvants reviewed in the present paper: (1) ganglioside receptor-binding toxins (chol...