in present world, inequality and uncertainty is high in section of agriculture production and food security of a great amount of people in developing countries is not supplied. based on studies of international organizations, about a third of produced food for human consumption in worldwide is lost or wasted. while in developing countries, there is price enhancement, decrease in access to healt...

water balance components are difficult to measure in short intervals because their measurement is time consuming and costly. therefore, soil-water--plant models can be used for prediction of these components. in this study, to predict grain yield and evaluate water use efficiency, an agro-hydrological model, namely, swap was used. this study covered a 10-years period from 2000-2010. based on th...

When stressed by low soil water content (SWC) or high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), plants close stomata, reducing transpiration and photosynthesis. However, it has historically been difficult to disentangle the magnitudes of VPD compared to SWC limitations on ecosystem-scale fluxes. We used a 13 year record of eddy covariance measurements from a forest in south central Indiana, USA, to quantif...

Establishing satisfactory calculation methods of lake evaporation has been crucial for research and management of water resources and ecosystems. A 30 year dataset from Dickie Lake, south-central Ontario, Canada added to the limited long-term studies on lake evaporation. Evaporation during ice-free season was calculated separately using seven evaporation methods, based on field meteorology, hyd...

For years, the principal objective of evapo-transpiration research has been to calculate the loss of water under varying conditions of climate, soil, and vegetation. The early simple empirical methods have generally been replaced by more detailed models which more closely represent the physical and biological processes involved. Monteith's modification of the original Penman This paper is not s...