Abstract The Qajar dynasty was a time of civil wars as well as the wars against Russia, meanwhile, Qajarid Shahs, understanding the power of sublime art both in internal and external political relations, tried to expand and renew the style of the mural decorations which is the issue of this article. Increasing the relations with European countries like England and France, Fath Ali Shah and ...

According to Sassanid sources, the Empire had a solid and organized administrative system, large number of different titles, ranks professions manage affairs their state. Administrative seals, which are clay dolls stamped with seals state authorities, used stamp documents. By studying them we get lot information about units posts state, such as spāhbed spābed, ōstāndār āmārgars. They also have ...

Abstract This survey discusses a series of achievements in comparative Indo-Iranian studies, on the occasion appearance new representative volume. The presentation these aims to trace existing and directions scholarly co-operation between Vedists, Avestologists, specialists Achaemenid Sassanian as well as, more generally, Indo-Europeanists, philologists scholars history culture religions with a...

The contribution discusses Achaemenid deportation policies as exemplified by the case of Egyptians. central argument, based on readings Herodotus and Ctesias, is that aim deportations in aftermath Cambyses’ conquest country was stabilisation rule. This to be achieved transplanting a significant number notoriously rebellious makhimoi Lower Egypt, local warlords, into empire’s core region; thereb...

Blackening was observed on the surfaces of Mesopotamian clay tablets from Umma, Dilbat, Larsa, Ur, Babylon, Uruk, Sippar, and Nippur produced between the Third Dynasty of Ur and the Early Achaemenid Dynasty. Portable X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that manganese was concentrated on the blackened surfaces. Rod-shaped materials with a length of 100 200 nm and a width of 30 nm were observed ...