The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) produces precise measurements of the column average dry-air mole fractions of CO2, CO, CH4, N2O and H2O at a variety of sites worldwide. These observations rely on spectroscopic parameters that are not known with sufficient accuracy to compute total columns that can be used in combination with in situ measurements. The TCCON must therefore be ca...

Abstract On January 2021, the heaviest snowfall in five decades hit central Spain, especially affecting Madrid. The city’s Barajas International Airport closed, along with a number of roads, and all trains to from Madrid were cancelled. This storm was named Filomena by Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET), produced continuous Spain on 7–10 January. observed snow depth around 50 cm 24 h Madrid,...

one of the major issues of increasing agricultural production, is adaptation of technology to specific climatic variables in cultivated areas. knowing the weather and climatic condition and periodic yearly and multi-year changes of meteorological phenomena and deviations from normal values ​​are of major requirements of modern agriculture. in this study, daily, monthly and annual weather data o...

ABSTRACT Water management aims to ensure the water availability necessary meet current and future demand for resources. For which it is essential implement monitoring networks that support investigation of events interfere with rainfall regime watersheds, such phases ocean-atmospheric phenomenon El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The classification network was proposed according World Meteo...

The density of meteorological stations in most watersheds across the globe is far lower than recommended by World Meteorological Organization (WMO). However, for some basins, including those used as pilot, an adequate quantity weather crucial collecting high-accuracy data. This study aimed to 1) estimate optimum number and 2) demarcate appropriate sites their installation considering physical e...

Downward shortwave radiation (DSR) is a critical variable in energy balance driving Earth’s surface processes. Satellite-derived and reanalysis DSR products have been developed continuously improved during the last decades. However, as those different temporal resolutions, their performances time scales not well-documented, particularly China. This study intended to evaluate several across mult...

Abstract. The tropopause layer plays a key role in manifold processes atmospheric chemistry and physics. Here we compare the representation characteristics of lapse rate according to definition World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as estimated from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data. Our study is based on 10-year records (2009 2018) ECMWF's state-of-th...

Considerable errors may be introduced in storm intensity estimations and their subsequent applications if raw surface wind speed records are not corrected to properly account for exposure effects. This study investigates the calculation of correction factors ( ECFs $$ \mathrm{ECFs} ) by different theoretical code-based models. Estimation roughness length z 0 {z}_0 based on suitable gustiness mo...