If it is not now determined whether there will be a sea battle tomorrow, can an assertion that there will be one be true? The problem has persisted because there are compelling arguments on both sides. If there are objectively possible futures which would make the prediction true and others which would make it false, symmetry considerations seem to forbid counting it either true or false. Yet i...

1024x768 background: sedentary lifestyles, along with diets low in fruits and vegetables, complex carbohydrates and high in fat and total energy are increasing among adolescents. these unhealthy behaviors associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. healthful dietary behaviors, such as fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents had been reported as inadequat...

Due to the usual incompleteness of information representation, any approach to assign a semantics to logic programs has to rely on a default assumption on the missing information. The stable model semantics, that has become the dominating approach to give semantics to logic programs, relies on the Closed World Assumption (CWA), which asserts that by default the truth of an atom is false. There ...

OBJECTIVE Two studies examined the effects of the oath or reassurance ("truth induction") on 5- to 7-year-old maltreated children's true and false reports of a minor transgression. METHODS In both studies an interviewer elicited a promise to tell the truth, reassured children that they would not get in trouble for disclosing the transgression, or gave no instructions before questioning the ch...

OBJECTIVE The difference between believing and disbelieving a proposition is one of the most potent regulators of human behavior and emotion. When one accepts a statement as true, it becomes the basis for further thought and action; rejected as false, it remains a string of words. The purpose of this study was to differentiate belief, disbelief, and uncertainty at the level of the brain. METH...

We investigated the differential diffusion of all of the verified true and false news stories distributed on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. The data comprise ~126,000 stories tweeted by ~3 million people more than 4.5 million times. We classified news as true or false using information from six independent fact-checking organizations that exhibited 95 to 98% agreement on the classifications. Falseh...

1. Background The Simple Liar is a sentence that says of itself only that it is false. The Strengthened Liar is a sentence that says of itself only that it is not true. How does the Strengthened Liar differ from its (allegedly) weaker brother, namely, the Simple Liar? According to standard thinking the Simple Liar, unlike the Strengthened Liar, yields inconsistency only if the following princip...

future invocation of evidences that their truth have been investigated in the previous case can be useful or necessary. it is especially important when secondary presentation of evidences has been impossible or difficult. in this article we are trying to know what must the court do against evidences that were considered in another proceedings. it must study if the court have to accept evaluatio...

This paper is about the relevance of Liar Paradoxes for truth-theoretic accounts of linguistic meaning. In " Framing Event Variables, " I develop an independent objection to such accounts. But in both essays, the first numbered sentence is the one displayed below. (1) The first numbered sentence in " Framing Event Variables " is false. Let 'Lari' be a name for the first numbered sentence in tha...