One of the most sensitive features of sheet metal forming processes is the elastic recovery during unloading, called spring-back, which leads to some geometric changes in the product. This phenomenon will affect bend angle and bend curvature, and can be influenced by various factors. In this research, the effects of anisotropy i.e., the rolling direction of 0° , 45° & 90° of ultra low carbon st...

In this paper we study properties of intersection graphs of kbend paths in the rectangular grid. A k-bend path is a path with at most k 90 degree turns. The class of graphs representable by intersections of k-bend paths is denoted by Bk-VPG. We show here that for every fixed k, Bk-VPG ( Bk+1-VPG and that recognition of graphs from Bk-VPG is NP-complete even when the input graph is given by a Bk...

Transmission loss measurements are reported for long steel pipes of circular crosssection, with air inside and out, excited by internal sound. At low frequencies (wavelength greater than the pipe diameter), most of the radiated sound is accounted for by pipe bending waves. In order to approach the much higher transmission loss predicted for pure breathing motion of the pipe, bending waves must ...

JCO/FEBRUARY 2010 © 2010 JCO, Inc. T venerable Hawley retainer has been basically unaltered in form and application since its introduction to the specialty nearly 100 years ago.1 To add to its utility, we suggest a modification of the retentive clasping mechanism. Although we prefer to use ball clasps rather than Adams clasps because of their sturdiness and simplicity, they are shorter and thus...

Several rigorous turbulent models have been developed in the past years and it can be seen that more research is needed to reach a better understanding of their generality and precision by verifying their applications for distinct hydraulic phenomena; under certain assumptions. This survey evaluates the performance of Standard k-ε, Realizable k-ε, RNG k-ε, k-ω and RSM models in predicting flow ...