This study uses " Multiple Indicators – Multiple Causes" (MIMIC) approach to model the causal relations between main variables, which determine the underground economy in Iran. we Basically, it examines the relationship between underground and official GDP in Iran, using annual time-series data for Iran during 1965 – 2005. Accordingly, it is found that the estimated size of the underground ...

Pension Design with a Large Informal Labor Market: Evidence from Chile This paper investigates empirically the fiscal and welfare trade-offs involved in designing a pension system when workers can avoid participation by working informally. A dynamic behavioral model captures a household’s labor supply, formal/informal sector choice and saving decisions under the rules of Chile’s canonical priva...

Reactivation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression enables cells to overcome replicative senescence and escape apoptosis, which are fundamental steps in the initiation of human cancer. Multiple cancer types, including up to 83% of glioblastomas (GBMs), harbor highly recurrent TERT promoter mutations of unknown function but specific to two nucleotide positions. We identified the ...

High expression of the E26 transforming sequence related gene (ERG) is associated with poor prognosis in a subgroup of leukemia patients with acute myeloid (AML) and acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). In a previous study we proposed that ERG overexpression may deregulate several signaling cascades in acute leukemia. Herein, we further expand those studies by identifying a consensus of biol...

Alveolar type II (AT2) cell dysfunction contributes to a number of significant human pathologies including respiratory distress syndrome, lung adenocarcinoma, and debilitating fibrotic diseases, but the critical transcription factors that maintain AT2 cell identity are unknown. Here we show that the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family transcription factor Etv5 is essential to maintain AT2 ...

The avian acute leukemia virus E26 encodes a fusion protein between viral Gag and the cellular transcription factors cMyb and cEts1(p68). vEts on its own transforms more mature erythroid cells. We have compared the properties of vEts and cEts1(p68). vEts interacts preferentially with an antibody that recognizes the active conformation of the DNA-binding domain. The DNA-binding activity of vEts ...

Better prospect for agricultural exports and productivity should increase agricultural wage. However, we argue that such an outcome depends on the capital movement between the formal and informalmanufacturing sectors. This is shown in a model that demonstrates a close link between agricultural and informal wage. Presence of an informal sector may lead to reverse migration from the urban to the ...