Members of the TNF SuperFamily of ligands (TNFSFs) have significant potential as immuno-oncology therapeutic agents. The TNFSFs are trimeric membrane proteins that can be cleaved into soluble single trimers. While the soluble single trimers can be easily prepared and studied, they have little or no activity in vivo. This deficiency is caused by the need to cluster their cognate receptors in the...

Subunit vaccines containing universal tumor associated antigens (TAAs) present an attractive treatment modality for cancer primarily due to their safety and potential to generate long-term immunological responses that can safeguard against recurrences. However, TAA-based subunit vaccines require potent adjuvants for therapeutic efficacy. Using a novel form of the 4-1BBL costimulatory molecule, ...

4-1BB (CD137), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is an activation-induced T-cell costimulatory molecule. Signaling via 4-1BB upregulates survival genes, enhances cell division, induces cytokine production, and prevents activation-induced cell death in T cells. The importance of the 4-1BB pathway has been underscored in a number of diseases, including cancer. Growing evidence indicates t...

Aim. To evaluate the activity of 4-1BB/4-1BBL signaling pathway in patients with influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia. Materials and Methods. Here we enrolled 85 (41 males 44 females, median age 48 (36-62) years) Among exclusion criteria were unstable hemodynamics, BMI > 30, diabetes mellitus, HIV, tuberculosis, cancer. Control group consisted 15 healthy donors. The diagnosis / H1N1...