introduction: nicotine is the psychoactive substance responsible for establishing and maintaining smoking dependence. cyp2a6 is the primary enzyme that inactivates nicotine to cotinine .genetic variation in cyp2a6 accounts for some of the inter-individual variability in nicotine metabolism and has been indicated to influence smoking behavior and dependence. therefore, the aim of this study was ...

background dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic fungi worldwide, which can infect the skin, hair and nails of humans and animals. this genus includes several species that present different features of dermatophytosis. although, laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytes is based on direct microscopy, biochemical tests and culture, these manners are expensive, time consuming and need skilled s...

objective(s) deregulation of the immune system through allied factors and cytokine responses are thought to be important contributors to the pathogenesis of asthma. vitamin d3 and its nuclear receptor appear to be factors that maybe involved in regulating immune responses during the progression of asthma. the aim of this study was to investigate the association between polymorphisms in intron 8...

background almost one-third of the world's population is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, but only 10% of them develop tuberculosis. tnf-α/il-10 balance has key roles in controlling latent/activation stages of tuberculosis. objectives the objective of this study was to determine an association between polymorphic variants of the tnf-α and il-10 genes and tuberculosis. patients and meth...

patients and methods eighty-three patients with diagnosis of nafld, and 93 healthy subjects were included in the study. tetra arms-pcr was designed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms. results a significant difference was found between nafld and control group regarding the rs266729 polymorphism (χ2 = 7.35, p = 0.025). the rs266729 polymorphism increased the risk of nafld in codominant (cc...

type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2d) is the most common metabolic disease demonstrating itself by hyper- glycemia, due to impaired insulin secretion or action. recently, whole-genome association studies have revealed the role of several new genes responsible for t2d. one of the most studied genes is slc30a8 (zn-t8) which is exclusively expressed in pancreatic ?-cells and participates in insulin stora...

glaucoma is a major cause of blindness worldwide. a single nucleotide polymorphism of the mthfr gene (c677t) has been associated with susceptibility to this disease, although this is controversial in the last decade. in this study, the possible association between the mthfr c677t polymorphism and the risk of developing primary open angle (poag) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (pexg) was investig...

Background: Due to the lack of information about the role of 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI-1 Gene in susceptibility to thyroid tumors, this study was performed to evaluate the potential effects of this polymorphism on clinicopathologic features of thyroid tumors in Iranian Azeri Turkish patients. Methods:In this case-control study, 90 patients with thyroid tumors ...