The "chain-store paradox" of Reinhard Sehen is one of a number of scenarios involving the finite repetition of a certain kind of sub-game about which a paradoxical conclusion can be derived. In each of these cases, a backward-induction argument is used to prove that it is futile to try to establish a reputation for cooperative or punitive behavior through appropriate action in the early stages ...

To provide an explanation of the evolution of scientific knowledge, I start from the assumption that knowledge is based on concepts, and propose that each concept about reality is affected by vagueness. This entails a paradox, which I term Knowledge Paradox (KP): i.e. we need concepts to acquire knowledge about the real world but each concept is a step away from reality. The KP provides a unify...

A notion of truth as applicable to events of fact-stating use (utterances) of a sentence type is arguably presupposed and required by our evaluative practices of the use of language. The truth of an utterance clearly depends on what the utterance says. This fundamental dependence seems to be captured by the schema that if an utterance u says that P , then u is true iff P . Such a schema may thu...

Paradox is one of the literary techniques in the poetry of the Safavid poets. Hazin-e Lahiji, like so many other poets of that age, employed this technique in his pursuit and showed that "unfamiliar meaning". Paradox is used in the poetry of Hazin-e Lahiji for the purpose of defamiliarization and exoticism. The poet in order to create new implications and subtle and insightful points and also t...

This paper is meant to be a brief review of the paper The Liar Paradox and Fuzzy Logic. In this review, it is intended to avoid technicality of proofs. However, the basic ideas of the proofs will be underlined. Original article follows afterwards. Background and Introduction Background In order to analyze the present paper The Liar Paradox and Fuzzy Logic ([LP] for short), Peano Arithmetic (PA ...

Stephen Read's criticism of Buridan's solution of the Liar Paradox is based on the charge that while this solution may avoid inconsistency, it does so at the expense of failing to provide a theory of truth. This paper argues that this is one luxury Buridan's logical theory actually can afford: since Buridan does not de ne formal consequence in terms of truth (and with good reason), his logic si...

Network motifs are small patterns of connections, found over-represented in gene regulatory networks. An example is the negative feedback loop (e.g. factor A represses itself). This opposes its own state so that when 'on' it tends towards 'off' - and vice versa. Here, we argue that such self-opposition, if considered dimensionlessly, is analogous to the liar paradox: 'This statement is false'. ...