Because mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation, understanding mutational patterns and mechanisms is of fundamental importance. Previous studies provided geno-mic evidence that, in the bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and human germ line, the mutation rate of a gene generally increases with the expression level of the gene, likel...

Background: A decision tree has been developed for evaluating risks posed by combined exposures to multiple chemicals. The decision tree divides combined exposures of humans and ecological receptors into groups where one or more components are a concern by themselves, where risks from the combined exposures are of low concern, and where there is a concern for the effects from the combined expos...

125 (2001). Affiliations • Fabio Puglisi Clinica di Oncologia Medica e Unità Senologica, Policlinico Universitario, 33100 Udine, Italy Tel.: +39 432 559 304 Fax: +39 432 559 304 [email protected] • Alessandro Minisini Clinica di Oncologia Medica e Unità Senologica, Policlinico Universitario, 33100 Udine, Italy [email protected] • Andrea Piga Clinica di Oncologia Medica e ...

We demonstrate the operation of a cascaded continuous wave (CW) mode-locked Raman oscillator. The output pulses were compressed from 28 ps at 532 nm down to 6.5 ps at 559 nm (first Stokes) and 5.5 ps at 589 nm (second Stokes). The maximum output was 2.5 W at 559 nm and 1.4 W at 589 nm with slope efficiencies up to 52%. This technique allows simple and efficient generation of short-pulse radiati...

We have found that elevated copper concentrations, apart from the inhibition of oxygen evolution, changed the initial states distribution of the oxygen-evolving complex. Already at low concentrations, copper ions oxidized the low-potential form of cytochrome b (559) and also its high-potential form at higher concentrations at which fluorescence quenching was observed. We suggest that the primar...

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Activation of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase of phagocytes is the result of the assembly of a membrane-localized flavocytochrome (cytochrome b(559)) with the cytosolic components p47(phox), p67(phox), and the small GTPase Rac. Activation can be reproduced in an in vitro system in which cytochrome b(559)-containing membranes are mixed with cytosolic components in the presence of an anio...