Cannabinoid receptor agonists produce reliable antinociception in most preclinical pain assays but have inconsistent analgesic efficacy in humans. This disparity suggests that conventional preclinical assays of nociception are not sufficient for the prediction of cannabinoid effects related to clinical analgesia. To extend the range of preclinical cannabinoid assessment, this study compared the...

It has been described that "typical" antipsychotic drugs (APDs) induce characteristic within-session response decrements in operant behaviors, including intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). In contrast, recent reports have shown that in food operant behavior, clozapine and a number of "atypical" APDs do not give rise to within-session effects. However, to elucidate whether or not this is a com...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE CD163 is a monocyte/macrophage-specific molecule whose expression is induced by corticosteroids and IL-10. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of soluble CD163 (sCD163) in the induced sputum of asthmatic patients before and after therapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was performed in 24 patients with mild aller...

In May 2007, the Instituto Carso de la Salud-now Instituto Carlos Slim de la Salud (ICSS)-was endowed with US$500 million to focus on priority health issues in Latin America, notably issues of 'globalisation and non-communicable diseases'. ICSS was soon criticised, however, on the grounds that its funding was derived from tobacco industry profits and that its founder Carlos Slim Hélu remained a...

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether brain reward function decreases during withdrawal from nicotine and methamphetamine, and whether decreased reward function is related to aversion during withdrawal from these drugs. For that purpose, male Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically infused subcutaneously with 9 mg/kg per day nicotine, or with 6 mg/kg per day methamphetamine u...

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) behavior is an experimental methodology to study reward and motivational effects. We have established a new paradigm to evaluate enhancing motivation by drugs in the runway method using the priming stimulation of ICSS. In the present study, we investigated the effects of nomifensine on the experimental extinction process of non-reinforcing reward and pre-tri...

BACKGROUND The Gly-to-Arg substitution at the 16 position (rs1042713) in the β2-adrenoceptor gene (ADRB2) is associated with enhanced downregulation and uncoupling of β2-receptors. OBJECTIVES We sought to undertake a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that there is an interaction between the A allele of rs1042713 (Arg16 amino acid) and long-acting β-agonist (LABA) exposure for asthma exacer...

Organizations make use of important information in day-to-day business. Protecting sensitive information is imperative and must be managed. Companies in many parts of the world protect sensitive information using the international standard known as the information security management system (ISMS). ISO 27000 series is the international standard ISMS used to protect confidentiality, integrity, a...