Many enveloped viruses encode a matrix protein. In the influenza A virus, the matrix protein M1 polymerizes into a rigid protein layer underneath the viral envelope to help enforce the shape and structural integrity of intact viruses. The influenza virus M1 is also known to mediate virus budding as well as the nuclear export of the viral nucleocapsids and their subsequent packaging into nascent...

The notion of a Laplace ladder for a discrete analogue of the Laplace equation is presented. The adjoint of the discrete Moutard equation and a discrete counterpart of the nonlinear form of Goursat equation are introduced. 1 Notation Value of functions of continuous variables we denote by f(u, v) i.e. f : R ∋ (u, v) 7→ f(u, v) ∈ R while functions of discrete variables by f(m1, m2) i.e. f : Z 2 ...

Given two symplectic manifolds (M1, ω1), (M2, ω2) a Lagrangian correspondence is a Lagrangian submanifold L ⊂ (M1 ×M2,−ω1 ⊕ ω2). These are the central objects of the theory of holomorphic quilts as developed by Wehrheim and Woodward in [21]. Consider two Lagrangian correspondences Li ⊂ (Mi−1 ×Mi,−ωi−1 ⊕ ωi) for i = 1, 2. Let ∆ = {(x, y, z, t) ∈ M0 ×M1 ×M1 ×M2 | y = z} If L1 × L2 is transverse t...

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent an important cellular subset within the glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) microenvironment and are a potential therapeutic target. TAMs display a continuum of different polarization states between antitumorigenic M1 and protumorigenic M2 phenotypes, with a lower M1/M2 ratio correlating with worse prognosis. Here, we investigated the effect of macrophage p...

Leukocyte 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a surrogate marker of oxidant-induced DNA damage in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GST M1) is a member of the GST family of proteins, which protect cellular DNA against oxidative damage. This study tested the association of a common GST M1 gene polymorphism [GST M1(-)], known to produce a dysfun...

Several subtypes of melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have been reported. The M1 type of ipRGCs exhibit distinct properties compared with the remaining (non-M1) cells. They differ not only in their soma size and dendritic arbor, but also in their physiological properties, projection patterns, and functions. However, it is not known how these dif...