A novel biotechnology approach by combining deacetylation biocatalysis with elicitation of immobilized Penicillium canescens (IPC) in Astragalus membranaceus hairy root cultures (AMHRCs) was proposed for the elevated production of astragaloside IV (AG IV). The highest AG IV accumulation was achieved in 36-day-old AMHRCs co-cultured with IPC for 60 h, which resulted in the enhanced production of...

PURPOSE A brief period of ischemia can induce a remarkably complete state of ischemic tolerance in the retina, a phenomenon known as ischemic preconditioning (IPC). The mechanisms of IPC were studied in the rat retina by examining the role of adenosine as a possible mediator and determining whether IPC protection could be induced more than once in the same rat. METHODS Retinal ischemia was pr...

BACKGROUND A threshold concept for ischemic preconditioning (IPc) has been proposed. It is unclear, however, whether IPc, above a certain threshold, is an all-or-nothing or a graded phenomenon. METHODS AND RESULTS In 71 enflurane-anesthetized swine, severe left anterior descending coronary artery hypoperfusion for 90 minutes followed by 2 hours of reperfusion resulted in an infarct size (IS, ...

We examined whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury, in part, by decreasing apoptosis and whether the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis. Rabbits were subjected to 30-min coronary artery occlusion (CAO) and 180 min of reperfusion. IPC was elicited with four cycles of 5-min ischemia and 10-min reperfusion before C...

BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and pharmacological preconditioning (PPC) have both been shown to confer cardioprotective effects. However, the role of protein synthesis in preconditioning is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Isolated rabbit hearts were treated with cycloheximide (CHx, 10 micromol/L), a protein synthesis inhibitor at the translational level, before 2 cycles of IPC (5 min...

The nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis (Ipc) is a midbrain cholinergic nucleus that shares reciprocal, topographic connections with the optic tectum (OT). Ipc neurons project to spatially restricted columns in the OT, contacting essentially all OT layers in a given column. Previous research characterizes the Ipc as a visual processor. We found that, in the barn owl, the Ipc responds to auditor...

BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction contributes to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and is reduced by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). IPC may involve activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP)). We determined whether modulation of K(ATP) channels occurs in endothelial IPC in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS IRI of the forearm was induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff to 200 mm Hg ...