BACKGROUND Phosphatidylserine (PS) and surface carbohydrates (SC) are known as virulence factors that may contribute to the different clinical symptoms ranging from self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions to fatal visceral disease. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causes localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). METHODS We analyzed PS exposure and SC...

A linear coloring is a proper coloring such that each pair of color classes induces a union of disjoint paths. We study the linear list chromatic number, denoted lcl(G), of sparse graphs. The maximum average degree of a graph G, denoted mad(G), is the maximum of the average degrees of all subgraphs of G. It is clear that any graph Gwithmaximumdegree ∆(G) satisfies lcl(G) ≥ ⌈∆(G)/2⌉ + 1. In this...

BACKGROUND The process of elimination of intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania, requires a Th1 type immune response, whereas a dominant Th2 response leads to exacerbated disease. Experimental human zinc deficiency decreases Th1 but not Th2 immune response. We investigated if zinc and copper levels differ in different clinical forms of leishmaniasis, and if these trace metals might be invo...

Compared with the three-phase, two-split-capacitor active power filter (3P2C-APF), the three-phase, four-leg active power filter (3P4L-APF) has been widely used in three-phase, four-wire grid utility for power quality control due to its numerous advantages, such as higher current output capability, particularly in phase N, lower current and easier voltage control on the DC-side. However, design...

Voltage-oriented PI control of three-phase gridconnected pulsewidth-modulation rectifiers with LCL filters is addressed. LCL filters require resonance damping. Active resonance damping is state of the art to face the problem, but it is still under investigation because of the manifold solutions. It is often realized using many sensors and/or complex control algorithms. In contrast, pure PI cont...

Short term binding of both Balb/c derived 3T3 cells and SV3T3 cells to 2B-Sepharose coated with Lens culinaris lectin (LCL) was compared with their LCL-induced agglutinability in relation to culture density and age. The cells were grown for 4 days either to low (LD) or to high density (HD); for certain experiments HD-cells were stimulated (HDS) by a short trypsin treatment and/or by addition of...

BACKGROUND As availability of primary cells can be limited for genetic studies of human disease, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) are common sources of genomic DNA. LCL are created in a transformation process that entails in vitro infection of human B-lymphocytes with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To test for genotypic errors potentially induced by the Epstein-Ba...

CD8(+) T cells specific for EBV latent cycle epitopes can be reactivated in vitro by stimulating with the autologous EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL). The resultant CD8(+) clones kill epitope peptide-loaded targets, but frequently do not kill or show only low levels of lysis of the unmanipulated LCL in 5-h cytotoxicity assays. However, they reproducibly show clear LCL recognitio...

OBJECTIVE To investigate T cell and antibody immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunity to EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and viral capsid antigen was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, and T cell immunity was assessed using enzyme linked immunospot assays to measure the frequency of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (...

Leishmania mexicana causes localized (LCL) or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). The cause of dissemination in DCL remains unknown, yet NK cells possibly play a role in activating leishmanicidal mechanisms during innate and adaptive immune responses. We had previously shown that Leishmania lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a ligand for TLR2, activating human NK cells. We have now analyzed NK cells...