Ovine lentiviruses and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) are prototypic lentiviruses that replicate predominantly in macrophages of infected animals. In situ hybridization of pathologically affected tissues from diseased animals has shown that viral RNA exists in permissive macrophages as well as in non-macrophage cell types that do not support productive virus replication. These find...

Mobile wireless networks are more vulnerable to unauthorised access and eavesdropping when compared with the traditional fixed wired networks due to the mobility of users, the transmission of signals through open-air and the requirement of low power consumption by a mobile user. This paper focuses on the security techniques used within the GSM standard. First, current GSM security system vulner...

Open base transceiver station (BTS) project was originally developed using open-source Unix/Linux applications in conjunction with Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) to implement GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) air interface supporting GSM handsets at much lower cost than commercial carrier BTS systems. This paper emphasizes concepts and methodology of low cost Open BTS im...

This paper discusses the gap created by an international digital divide in Africa. The paper focuses on bridging the digital divide that exists between the developed countries and Africa, especially in the use of the internet and Global System Mobile (GSM) communication services. Issues like bridging the international digital divide, digital divide and Africa, bridging the digital divide in Afr...

This study was conducted to obtain the basic data of two common odorants-geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (GSM and 2-MIB)-in environmental water. More specifically, the headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) was applied to determine the levels of GSM and 2-MIB in water samples, and the samples were collected depending on water sources...

Recently, several work related to channel assignment for MCN-type systems were reported. Wu et al proposed diverting traffic from the congested cells to the non-congested cells (Wu et al., 2001; Wu et al., 2004), which is achieved by relaying traffic through unlicensed frequency band, such as the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. For iCAR (Wu et al., 2001; Wu et al., 2004), ad hoc ...

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is one of the most commonly used cellular technologies in the world. One of the objectives in mobile communication systems is the security of the exchanged data. GSM employs many cryptographic algorithms for security like A5/1, A5/2 and A5/3. Even so, these algorithms do not provide sufficient level of security for protecting the confidentiality of ...

In this paper we evaluate the performance of data users in a GSM/GPRS system using queuing analysis and the QDB approach. GPRS has been introduced in GSM as a proposed data packet service over the air interface. Currently GPRS uses a fixed number of time slots, which are not shared with GSM voice users. Therefore the QoS of GSM users that are circuit switched is decreased. Here we propose a com...

The current researches and industries are looking forward to integrate different technologies to get a global technology that offers all of the intended services in a simple way. In this paper, a new communications system is proposed to integrate the use of GSM over the available satellites infrastructures. The proposed communications system could be used to facilitates and get benefits of both...

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) causes significant symptomatic aggravation that affects the quality life (QoL). Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), hallmark GSM, is managed with topical non-hormonal therapy, including moisturizers and lubricants, estrogen application. Patients not responding/being unsatisfied previous local therapies are candidates for a noninvasive modality. Carbon dioxide (...