An assessment of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) for measuring the characteristic impedance ZTL of transmission lines is performed. The assessment includes the accuracy of measuring ZTL as a function of TDR electrical impedance Zo, the ability to measure impedance perturbations as a function of ZTL and Zo, and the ability to differentiate between transmission lines of similar ZTL. The informati...

The thymidine analogue 4-thiothymidine (S(4)TdR) is a photosensitizer for UVA radiation. The UV absorbance spectrum of S(4)TdR and its incorporation into DNA suggests that it might act synergistically with nonlethal doses of UVA to selectively kill hyperproliferative or cancerous skin cells. We show here that nontoxic concentrations of S(4)TdR combine with nonlethal doses of UVA to kill prolife...

OBJECTIVE To elucidate etiological factors of heterotopic ossification (HO) by evaluating retrospectively if HO is a unique finding following cervical total disc replacement (CTDR) or a finding observable following an anterior cervical interbody fusion (ACIF). METHODS The authors had selected 87 patients who underwent anterior cervical surgery (TDR or ACIF), and could be followed up more than...

BACKGROUND The emergence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) compromises the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART), resulting in treatment failure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Although more than a decade has passed since ART was introduced into Indonesia, information on TDR is limited. Here, a genotypic study of TDR among ART-naïve individuals was conducted in Surabaya, Indo...

Radioactively labeled thymidine (TdR) has been used extensively to measure bacterial production in aquatic environments, but critical assumptions of the TdR technique often have gone untested. In this study of a coastal marine sediment, the metabolic fate of methyl [3H]TdR and methyl [14C]TdR was at variance with the assumptions necessary for determining bacterial production. Only 2% of incorpo...

STUDY DESIGN A prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled, investigational device exemption (IDE) noninferiority trial. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative safety and effectiveness of lumbar total disc replacement (TDR) in the treatment of patients with symptomatic degenerative disc disease (DDD) who are unresponsive to nonsurgical therapy. SUMMARY OF BACKG...

OBJECTIVES In 2001, we proposed the criteria for combined evaluation of the serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level and the tumor shadow disappearance rate (TDR) to predict pathologic N0 (pN0) disease in pulmonary adenocarcinomas. The objective of the present study was to determine the prognosis and histologic features in small-sized pulmonary adenocarcinomas according to serum CEA level and...

Background The research is dedicated to stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis with Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) in patients dementia during Alzheimer’s disease (AD) distal forms atherosclerosis. Materials & Methods 350 were examined. We carried out determination CDR, Tomography Dementia Rating scale (TDR), MMSE, CT, MRI, SG, rheoencephalogr...

This method describes methods that utilize TDR measurements of multiple, unterminated test lines that are designed to differ only in length. A TDR signal, usually a step waveform1, is injected into a transmission line or lines and the reflection response is measured some time later. This method shows how tD is determined as the difference between the time it takes a TDR pulse to reflect from th...