While sliding mode observers (SMOs) using discontinuous relays are widely analyzed, most SMOs are implemented using a continuous approximation of the discontinuous relays. This continuous approximation results in the formation of a boundary layer in a neighborhood of the sliding manifold in the observer error space. Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop methods for attenuating the effect o...

In the Austral summer and winter periods of 2010, two large field campaigns (the Australian Airborne Cal/val Experiments for SMOS (AACES)) were undertaken for the validation of the Level 1c brightness temperature and Level 2 soil moisture products of the ESA-led Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, which constitutes the first of a series of future soil moisture satellite missions. S...

Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 3749, 08003, Barcelona (Spain). (e-mail: [email protected]) 2 SMOS Barcelona Expert Center (SMOS-BEC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 3749, 08003, Barcelona (Spain). 3 Unitat de Tecnologia Marina (UTM-CSIC) ), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 3749, 08003, Barcelona (Spain). 4 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Remote Sensi...

The main scientific objectives of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are to observe two crucial variables: soil moisture over land surface and sea surface salinity over oceans. The mission should also provide information on root zone soil moisture and vegetation and contribute to significant research in the field of the cryosphere SMOS is a demonstrator with broad and ambitious...

As the Internet becomes ubiquitous, it has advanced to more closely represent aspects of the real world. Due to this trend, researchers in various disciplines have become interested in studying relationships between real-world phenomena and their virtual representations. One such area of emerging research seeks to study relationships between real-world and virtual activism of social movement or...