Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Influenza virus A genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The segmented genome encodes ten or 11 proteins, depending on the strain. These proteins are the prominent outer surface glycoproteins HA and neuraminidase (NA), the matrix (M2) ion channels, the matrix (M1) protein, which is found lining the inner side of the ...

A real-time virtual audio reality model has been created. The system includes model-based sound synthesizers, geometric room acoustics modeling, binaural auralization for headphone or loudspeaker listening, and high-quality animation. The design goals of the overall project have been to create a virtual musical event that is as authentic as possible both in terms of audio and visual quality. No...

Evaluation of Forest Ecosystem Functions using Integrated Methods Multi-Criteria Decision Making (Case Study: Mazandaran Provence, Shiadeh and Diva Ecosystem)

Variation has been shown to exist across the cells within a modern DRAM chip. Prior work has studied and exploited several forms of variation, such as manufacturing-processor temperature-induced variation. We empirically demonstrate a new form of variation that exists within a real DRAM chip, induced by the design and placement of different components in the DRAM chip: different regions in DRAM...

OBJECTIVES Ultrasound (US) has been shown to facilitate peripheral intravenous (IV) placement in emergency department (ED) patients with difficult IV access (DIVA). This study sought to define patient and vein characteristics that affect successful US-guided peripheral IV placement. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of US-guided IV placement in a convenience sample of DIVA pa...

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that can cause severe disease in sheep and goats, characterised by pyrexia, pneumo-enteritis, and gastritis. The socio-economic burden of the disease is increasing in underdeveloped countries, with poor livestock keepers being affected the most. Current vaccines consist of cell-culture attenuated strains of PPRV, which induce a similar ...

Placement of a peripheral intravenous catheter is a routine procedure in clinical practice, but failure of intravenous cannulation regularly occurs. An accurate and reliable predictive scale for difficult venous access creates the possibility to use other techniques in an earlier time frame. We aimed to develop a predictive scale to identify adult patients with a difficult intravenous access pr...

Available avian influenza (AIV) serological diagnostic tests cannot distinguish vaccinated from naturally infected birds. Differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA) is currently advocated as a means of achieving the full control of H5N1. In this study, for the first time, recombinant ectodomain of M2 protein (M2e) of avian influenza virus (H5N1 strain) was used for the DIVA sero...