This paper reviews the role of multimedia vocabulary annotation (MVA) in facilitating second language (L2) reading and listening activities. It examines the multimedia learning and multimedia language learning theories that underlie the MVA research, synthesizes the findings on MVA in the last decade, and identifies three underresearched areas on the subject.

Modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) is a smallpox vaccine candidate. This study was performed to determine if MVA vaccination provides long-term protection against rabbitpox virus (RPXV) challenge, an animal model of smallpox. Two doses of MVA provided 100% protection against a lethal intranasal RPXV challenge administered 9 months after vaccination.

BACKGROUND Despite Thai laws permitting abortion conducted by registered medical practitioners, unsafe abortion still kills and maims Thai women as a result of inadequate access to safe abortion services. Surgical evacuation of the uterus by manual vacuum aspirator (MVA) is a safe and effective technique recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. This study assessed new medi...

The modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain is a candidate vector for vaccination against pathogens and tumors, due to safety concerns and the proven ability of recombinants based on this vector to trigger protection against pathogens in animals. In this study we addressed the fate of the MVA vector in BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal inoculation in comparison with that of the replication-...

Murine T cell epitopes against vaccinia virus (VV) have not been characterized to date in part due to the large and complex genome of VV. We have identified and characterized two CD8+ T cell epitopes on the A47L (modified VV Ankara strain (MVA)-029) and J6R (MVA-043) proteins of VV that are Db and Kb restricted, respectively. Following i.p. immunization with VV New York City Board of Health (NY...

Terpenoids, compounds found in all domains of life, represent the largest class of natural products with essential roles in their hosts. All terpenoids originate from the five-carbon building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which can be derived from the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. The absence of two ...

Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-like protein F1 that acts as an inhibitor of caspase-9 and of the Bak/Bax checkpoint but the role of this gene in immune responses is not known. Because dendritic cells that have phagocytosed apoptotic infected cells cross-present viral antigens to cytotoxic T cells inducing an antigen-specific immunity, we hypothesized that deletion of the ...

Closed Queueing Networks are used in modeling various systems such as FMS, CONWIP Material Control, Computer/Communication Systems, and Health Care. Mean Value Analysis (MVA) is often used to compute the performance measures for these models. For networks with multiple-server stations, the exact MVA algorithm becomes computationally complex and existing approximations introduce high errors. The...

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a candidate vaccine vector that is severely attenuated due to mutations acquired during several hundred rounds of serial passage in vitro. A previous study used marker rescue to produce a set of MVA recombinants with improved replication on mammalian cells. Here, we extended the characterization of these rescued MVA strains and identified vaccinia virus (...

The spike protein (S), a membrane component of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is anticipated to be an important component of candidate vaccines. We constructed recombinant forms of the highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) containing the gene encoding full-length SARS-CoV S with and without a C-terminal epitope tag called MVA/S-HA and MVA/S, respective...