Nearly 30 years have passed since the discovery of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) as a critical source of reactive species in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Since then, numerous inflammatory disease processes have been associated with elevated XOR activity and allied reactive species formation solidifying the ideology that enhancement of XOR activity equates to negative clinical outcomes. However,...

Uric acid is considered the most significant factor in amelioration of oxidative burden in birds. Uric acid is formed in the terminal reactions of purine degradation by the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). In this study, inosine, a purine precursor, was fed to 3 groups of 5 birds: Group 1 was fed 0 (control), Group 2, 0.6 mols inosine/kg feed (INO) and Group 3, INO treatment plus 50 mg all...

In this paper, we consider and study a system of generalized variational inclusions involving Cayley operators an XOR-operation in q-uniformly smooth Banach spaces. To obtain the solution XOR-operation, use some properties as well XOR-operation. We also discuss convergence criterion. support our main result, provide example.

The runtime performance of modern SAT solvers on random k-CNF formulas is deeply connected with the ‘phase-transition’ phenomenon seen empirically in the satisfiability of random k-CNF formulas. Recent universal hashing-based approaches to sampling and counting crucially depend on the runtime performance of SAT solvers on formulas expressed as the conjunction of both k-CNF and XOR constraints (...

This paper presents a new simple and straightforward method for designing Self-Testing Embedded (STE) parity checkers. The building block is the two-input XOR gate. During normal, fault-free operation, each XOR gate receives all possible input vectors. The great advantage of the proposed method is that it is the only one that gives, in a simple and straightforward way, optimal STE realizations ...

Oxidative stress is widely known to play a role in asthma. However, the contribution of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) as a source of the superoxide anion radical (O2－) in oxidative stress associated with asthma has not yet been examined in detail. Here we investigated pathophysiological changes in XOR in an experimental model of asthma induced by the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (Df...

The only digital forensic tools known to provide an automated approach for evaluating XOR obfuscated data are DCCI Carver and DC3 Carver, two general-purpose carving tools developed by the Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3). In order to determine the use of XOR as an obfuscation technique and the need to adapt additional tools, we analyzed 2,411 drive images from devices acquired from countries a...

SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function which was proposed in 2000 as a new generation of SHA functions and was adopted as FIPS standard in 2002. In this paper we will consider a SHA-256 variant and a SHACAL-2 variant in which every arithmetic addition is replaced by XOR operation. We call the SHA-256 variant SHA-2-XOR and the SHACAL-2 variant SHACAL-2-XOR respectively. We will present a diffe...

We provide an exposition of three lemmas that relate general properties of distributions over bit strings to the exclusive-or (xor) of values of certain bit locations. The first XOR-Lemma, commonly attributed to Umesh Vazirani (1986), relates the statistical distance of a distribution from the uniform distribution over bit strings to the maximum bias of the xor of certain bit positions. The sec...

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a mammalian enzyme that possesses a series of redox centers, which use either NAD(+) or molecular oxygen for oxidation of the purines xanthine and hypoxanthine to uric acid. The ability of XOR to act as an NADH oxidase is a less well recognized function of the enzyme, and it is this function that we used to explore the metabolism of glyceryl trinitrate. The anti...