the output of x-ray, especially in the field of required energy for diagnosing the disease is very low (in diagnosing lamps, it is less than 1%). in this kind of lamps the rest of the electrical energy is transformed to heat. this considerable amount of heat induces a myriad of too many limitations in choosing higher levels of radiation, particularly in specialized techniques. this process is t...

TO produce a lattice expansion readily detectable by conventional X-ray photographic means in c~-irradiated diamond, a dose of order Io 18 c~.cm -2 is required. Such a dose could be produced by pitchblende in ~2 • Ios yr. and a previously reported lattice expansion in a natural diamond could therefore have occurred by long-term contact with a radioactive material, c~-particle doses greater than...

Positions of stars of 47Tuc have been derived by the use of photographic plates and CCD frames (ESO La Silla) and data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The positions have been determined with respect to the PPM, which is based on the FK5 system. We have compared the positions of variable and blue stars in the core of 47Tuc with those of the X-ray sources found by Hasinger et al. (1994). T...

This paper has reported on the electrical and nonstructural of polymer-based materials in corporation NiO (Nickel oxide) in concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% by weight of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) polymer. Nanocrystallites phases and properties were characterized with using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transfer infrared radiation (FTIR),Energy distribution X-ray(EDX) techniques and X-Map ...

background: although it is one of the most toxic nonradioactive elements, mercury is widely used in dental amalgam. mercury is a toxic element which can damage various organs such as central nervous system, renal, respiratory and hematologic systems. the adverse health impacts associated to exposure to some common sources of electromagnetic fields including laptop computers, mobile phones, mri ...

titanium nitride-copper (tin-cu) nanocomposite films were deposited onto stainless steel substrate using hollow cathode discharge ion plating technique. the influence of cu content in the range of 2-7 at.% on the microstructure, morphology and mechanical properties of deposited films were investigated. structural properties of the films were studied by x-ray diffraction pattern. topography of t...

Das/Cheng/Pai/AAPM//2002 Historical Perspective 1826 Joseph Niepce First Photograph 1836 J. M. Daguerre Concept of developer 1889 Eastman Kodak Cellulose nitrate base for emulsion 1890 Hurter &Driffield Defined the term optical density 1895 Roentgen First Radiograph 1896 Carl Schlussner First glass plate for radiography 1913 Kodak Film on Cellulose nitrate base 1918 Kodak Double emulsion film 1...