the exportation of modern novel from european languages to other literatures has long been the object of study and has been, most recently, evoked in discussions of world literature. the introduction of modern novel into the persian literary system through translation occurred about the turn of the twentieth century. the genre was unprecedented in persian and the concept of adabiyat was specifi...

■ Abstract The sociological, economic, political, and anthropological literatures are devoting increasing attention to globalization. This chapter discusses the various connotations of the term and puts it in historical perspective. Existing theoretical and empirical research on globalization is organized around five key issues or questions: Is it really happening? Does it produce convergence? ...

The work is partially a review article and partially a research paper. Problems for evaluation and impact of published scientific works and their authors are discussed at theoretical level. The role of citations in this process is pointed out. Different bibliometric indicators are reviewed in this connection and ways for generation of new bibliometric indices are given. The influence of differe...