The cognition of spatial objects differs among people and is highly influenced by the context in which a spatial object is perceived. We investigated experimentally how humans perceive geometric figures in geometric proportional analogies and discovered that subjects perceive structures within the figures which are suitable for solving the analogy. Humans do not perceive the elements within a f...

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether equity options traded on individual firms are sensitive to the firm’s leverage, and to see if adding leverage to the option model improves its pricing accuracy. In a hitherto unexamined economic approach to option valuation, we use reported leverage from financial statements, and a compound option (CO) model, for valuing stock options on individua...

Few replies get published. Many that do get published could be more effective. A reply can be effective only if it is published, readable, and credible. This article suggests guidelines for writing good replies. The guidelines begin with things to keep in mind—for example, that you might be wrong—and things to do before you begin to write. The latter include considering not responding, consider...

this research investigates the legal effects of marriage contract provision. through the study of reasons present in the issue, the author concludes that being loyal to the provision is considered as a legal requirement and the one against whom the condition is made can be forced to be faithful. of course in case of violation from the marriage provision, the option of annulment is not proved, w...

the option-pricing problem is always an important part in modern finance. assuming that the stock diffusion is a constant, some literature has introduced many stock models and given corresponding option pricing formulas within the framework of the uncertainty theory. in this paper, we propose a new stock model with uncertain stock diffusion for uncertain markets. some option pricing formulas on...

Although 12-step literature posits inconsiderate behaviors to characterize alcoholics and addicts, there is little data to support this association among adolescent populations. Using a matched-pair study design with 579 youth aged 14-18 (52% female, 30% minority), a significant, dose-response relationship was found between greater alcohol and drug use severity and increased likelihood of drivi...

Introduction Imagine, for a second, a doorman that behaves as automatic doors do. He does not acknowledge you when you pass by, or approach. He gives no hint which door can or will open—until you wander within 10 feet of the door, whereupon he flings the door wide open. If you arrived after hours, you might stand in front of the doors for awhile before you understood that the doors are locked, ...

Driving under the influence of substances (DUI) other than alcohol has been the subject of increasing interest over the past few decades (Schulze et al., 2012). As with alcohol, research has shown that drug intake increases the risk of road traffic accidents (Elvik, 2013; Schulze et al., 2012; Verstraete & Legrand, 2014). Intervention in this area is a priority. A key factor for deterring DUI i...

In this article I examine the constraints that skeptical hypotheses must satisfy in order to be used to raise significant skeptical challenges. I argue that skeptical hypotheses do not have to be logically, metaphysically or epistemically possible. They only need to depict scenarios that are subjectively indistinguishable from the actual world and must provide some indication of how subjects ca...