While public goods can provide an overall increase in welfare, ‘inferior’ public facilities produce externalities specifically impacting host locations. Heterogeneous jurisdictional attributes, however, can cause net social benefits to vary across potential host communities. Using data from a unique public works project, this paper empirically investigates whether policymakers consider heteroge...

We develop a discrete or finite household model with congestable local public goods where the level of provision, the number of facilities and their locations are all endogenously determined in a purely normative context. We prove the existence of an equal-treatment identical-provision second best optimum, where all households are required to reach the same utility level, the provision of local...

The target of this research is relief facilities, which provide a place to live for various socially vulnerable people. There are 182 facilities across the country, and buildings residents aging. On other hand, impact COVID-19 has become big issue in social welfare facilities. It necessary review facility environment from perspective infection prevention as well future reconstruction plans.

The evolution of rodents cages marked major improvements of animal and staff protection. Aspects pertaining to animal welfare and the need for higher flexibility in space used led to the development and success of Individually Ventilated Cages (IVCs), extensively used in modern animal facilities. The concept of “room at cage level” along with the latest innovations in IVCs will be reviewed. The...

The Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Policy) describes eight basic Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) functions (PHS 1986, IV.B.1. 8.). These functions vary in complexity and include reviewing the overall animal program and inspecting the animal facilities every 6 months; reviewing and approving animal study proposals initially an...

There has been a recent trend towards keeping non-traditional companion animals, also known as exotic pets. These pets include parrots, reptiles, amphibians and rabbits, as well as small species of rodent such as degus and guinea pigs. Many of these exotic pet species are not domesticated, and often have special requirements in captivity, which many owners do not have the facilities or knowledg...

− Future society must be utopia in which every constituent can share equal welfare. In particular, it should be a society where the elderly and the physically handicapped can lead their lives happily along with the normal. In order to realize such a welfare-driven society, it is essential to build an infrastructure with a variety of facilities based on advanced technology or devices and systems...

Recent revisions to international legislation and guidelines on the care and use of animals in research and testing emphasise the importance of minimising suffering and improving welfare. Achieving this requires effective systems for recognising, recording, analysing and assessing animal behaviour, in order to identify relevant indicators of pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm so that any...