The biogeographic history of the Southern Ocean (SO) fauna is complex and poorly studied, especially the areas of endemism. We reanalyzed the data of Marques & Peña Cantero (2010), along with other geographical records of endemic benthic hydroids below 45oS. A Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) based on 5o latitude by 5o longitude matrix with 61 species resulted in eight areas of endemism. ...

Using species distribution data, we developed a georeferenced database of troglobionts (cave-obligate species) in Tennessee to examine spatial patterns of species richness and endemism, including >2000 records for 200 described species. Forty aquatic troglobionts (stygobionts) and 160 terrestrial troglobionts are known from caves in Tennessee, the latter having the greatest diversity of any sta...

The Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are one of the most species rich families of insects, with about 11 100 described species. Mirinae is the largest subfamily and its endemism becomes evident at the tribal level and below. Mirines of the tribe Restheniini are found throughout America, with most of the diversity confined to the Neotropics. Prepops Reuter is the largest genus in Restheniini wi...

AIMS Mountain ranges in the tropics are characterised by high levels of localised endemism, often-aberrant evolutionary trajectories, and some of the world's most diverse regional biotas. Here we investigate the evolution of montane endemism, ecology and body size in a clade of direct-developing frogs (Choerophryne, Microhylidae) from New Guinea. METHODS Phylogenetic relationships were estima...

Islands represent interesting biogeographic features often defined by unique and dynamic geological biological components. Such systems serve as examples of the basic fundamental units biogeographical analyses: areas endemism. The island Jamaica is recognized possessing a biota with large number herpetofauna species persisting only within island. Further, exhibits geologic history characterized...