Various stresses of the tumor microenvironment produced by insufficient nutrients, pH, and oxygen can contribute to the generation of altered metabolic and proliferative states that promote the survival of metastatic cells. Among many cellular stress-response pathways activated under such conditions are the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is...

PURPOSE The role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in breast cancer is ambiguous; it can display both tumor suppressing and enhancing effects. Activation of the TGF-beta signal transduction system is subject to hormonal regulation. This study was conducted to further analyze the role of TGF-beta receptors in breast cancer and to evaluate their significance as prognostic markers. E...

Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptor (ER) using specific monoclonal anti-human estrogen receptor antibody, H222, with an immunoperoxidase technique was performed on fresh frozen tissue derived from 100 endometrial adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemical evaluation incorporated both intensity and distribution of staining. In all cases, H222 localized in the nucleus of target cells....

In this paper we give some necessary and sufficient conditions for which each Banach lattice  is    space and we study some properties of b-weakly compact operators from a Banach lattice  into a Banach space . We show that every weakly compact operator from a Banach lattice  into a Banach space  is b-weakly compact and give a counterexample which shows that the inverse is not true but we prove ...

Calnexin is a membrane-bound lectin and a molecular chaperone that binds newly synthesized glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To analyze the oligomeric properties of calnexin and calnexin-substrate complexes, sucrose velocity gradient centrifugation and chemical cross-linking were used. After CHAPS solubilization of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, the unoccupied calnexin behaved as a...

BACKGROUND We previously reported that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) down-regulates TLR4 signaling and lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes. There have been several reports regarding the association between HCV infection and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we examined the regulation of HCV NS5A on the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by thap...

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a weakly estrogenic monomer used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, both of which are used in food contact and other applications. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of BPA pharmacokinetics in rats and humans was developed to provide a physiological context in which the processes controlling BPA pharmacokinetics (e.g., plasma prot...

Estrogen receptors (ERs alpha and beta) enhance transcription in response to estrogens by binding to estrogen response elements (EREs) within target genes and utilizing transactivation functions (AF-1 and AF-2) to recruit p160 coactivator proteins. The ERs also enhance transcription in response to estrogens and antiestrogens by modulating the activity of the AP-1 protein complex. Here, we exami...

Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptor (ER) using specific monoclonal anti-human estrogen receptor antibody, H222, with an immunoperoxidase technique was performed on fresh frozen tissue derived from 100 endometrial adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemical evaluation incorporated both intensity and distribution of staining. In all cases, H222 localized in the nucleus of target cells....