The use of population-level indices to estimate individual exposures is an important limitation of previous epidemiologic studies of disinfection by-products (DBPs). We examined exposure misclassification resulting from the use of system average DBP concentrations to estimate individual-level exposures. Data were simulated (n=1000 iterations) for 100 subjects across 10 water systems based on th...

The safety of groundwater resources is a serious issue, particularly when these resources are the main source of water for drinking, irrigation and industrial use in coastal areas. In Italy, 85% of the water used by the public is of underground origin. The aim of this report is to analyze the main factors that make groundwater vulnerable. Soil characteristics and filtration capacity can promote...

People of North Cameroon must look for water at great distances from their homes during the dry season of the year. To provide water closer to villages series of internationally and bilaterally financed dams are being built to impound water in reservoirs. The Ministry of Health of the Government of the Republic of Cameroon is concerned that the dams do not increase health problems. One concern ...

The frequency of recovery of atypical mycobacteria was estimated in two treatment plants providing drinking water to Paris, France, at some intermediate stages of treatment. The two plants use two different filtration processes, rapid and slow sand filtration. Our results suggest that slow sand filtration is more efficient for removing mycobacteria than rapid sand filtration. In addition, our r...

Selective filtration of gas, water, and liquid or gaseous oil is essential to prevent possible environmental pollution and machine/facility malfunction in oil-based industries. Novel materials and structures able to selectively and efficiently filter liquid and vapor in various types of solutions are therefore in continuous demand. Here, we investigate selective gas-water-oil filtration using t...

-The interactions between organic matter, bacterial biomass, enzyme activities and environmental factors were studied during bank filtration of humus-rich lake water. The exoenzymatic //-glucosidase, phosphatase and alanine-aminopeptidase activities in water were measured in vitro as release of fluorescing degradation products from methylumbelliferyl substrates. The total enzymatic decompositio...

Oedema and expansion of the extracellular fluid are well recognized as a complication of malnutrition in adults (McCance, 1951) as well as in children (Waterlow, Cravioto, and Stephen, 1960). An increase in total body water has also been described (Srikantia and Gopalan, 1957; Schnieden, Hendrickse, and Haigh, 1958; Smith, 1960). In the course of investigations on the renal function of malnouri...

Vertically-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown on stainless steel (SS) mesh by thermal chemical vapor deposition with a diffusion barrier of Al2O3 film. These three-dimensional porous structures (SS-CNT meshes) were found to be superhydrophobic and superoleophilic. Water advancing contact angles of 145–150 were determined for these SS-CNT meshes in air and oil (gasoline, iso...

Many contaminants of interest in water and wastewater are particles, or are made into particles for removal. Typical municipal wastewater treatment plants include both primary and secondary sedimentation, and those with tertiary treatment likely have granular media filtration. Typical drinking water plants using surface water supplies have flocculation, gravity separation (sedimentation or flot...