the increase in water demand and its services due to population growth and the raising of the standards of living, health, and hygiene along with the limitation of water resources, droughts, and climate change has attracted water specialists and planners to explore the use of unconventional water resources, such as sewage and saline waters. moreover, industrial and rural wastewater disposal and...

The environmental loading of steroid hormones contained in dairy wastes may cause an adverse effect on aquatic species. To better assess the potential risks of hormone contamination resulting from land application of dairy wastes, various steroid hormones were determined in a typical dairy waste disposal system. Quantitative methods using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were develo...

Surfactants are the major active ingredients of laundry detergents. Therefore, special attention should be focused on the treatment and disposal of laundry wastewater. The aim of this study was to characterise the wastewater from a commercial laundry over 30 days. Physicochemical analyses were performed, monitoring the content of nitrogen, phosphate, heavy metals, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate...

background: hospitals generate relatively large quantities of wastewater that may contain various potentially hazardous ma­terials; therefore the proper management of hospital wastewater is essential. methods:   in this cross-sectional study, the quality and quantity of wastewater in the hospitals of tehran university of medi­cal sciences (tums), tehran, iran, were studied and the suitable meth...

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in Latin America and the Caribbean has aggravated serious wastewater disposal problems in that region. This article describes some of the morepromising methods available for dealing with these problems-including use of submarine oulfalls, reuse of treated sewage efluent, and application of unconventional technology in poverty-stricken urban neighborhoods.

Given the current demographic trends and future growth projections, as much as 60% of the global population may suffer water scarcity by the year 2025 [9]. In addition to water scarcity, water quality deterioration is expected to intensify in resourcepoor countries in dry areas, due to human activity and climate change. It is projected that water scarce countries will have to increasingly rely ...

BACKGROUND Environmental Health Indicators (EHIs) are the most important criteria for evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness of the activities of the health sector. The operations and situation of the health system can be analyzed through surveying the indicators and comparing them during different times. The present study aimed to study the EHIs of Tabriz, using the common environmental he...

water scarcity in iran has worsened as a result of population growth, increasing pollution, poor water management practices, and climate change. using proper utilization and management of wastewater can provide the ability to cope with pollution threats and take the opportunity to benefit from the new sources of water. in this study, the impact of water scarcity on the production and macroecono...