The two properties of the radial mass distribution a gravitational lens that are well-constrained by Einstein rings radius R_E and xi2 = alpha''(R_E)/(1-kappa_E), where alpha''(R_E) kappa_E second derivative deflection profile convergence at R_E. However, if there is tight mathematical relationship between angular structure, as true ellipsoids, an ring can appear to strongly distinguish distrib...

Web-building spiders are important models for sexual selection. While our understanding of post-copulatory mechanisms including sperm competition and cryptic female choice is considerable, our knowledge of courtship and how it influences male and female mating decisions is still extremely poor. Here, we provide the first comprehensive description of male courtship behaviour and vibrations gener...

Informal models have always been used in biology to guide thinking and devise experiments. In recent years, formal mathematical models have also been widely introduced. It is sometimes suggested that formal models are inherently superior to informal ones and that biology should develop along the lines of physics or economics by replacing the latter with the former. Here I suggest to the contrar...

The IT industry needs systems management models that leverage available application information to detect quality of service, scalability and health of service. Ideally this technique would be common for varying application types with different n-tier architectures under normal production conditions of varying load, user session traffic, transaction type, transaction mix, and hosting environmen...

In the wake of the “great recession,”many economists explored new sources of business cycle fluctuations, such as news, sentiment or uncertainty shocks. But these theories have diffi culty explaining why post-recession output would remain below trend long after many commonly used measures of uncertainty recovered to their pre-crisis levels. We propose a business cycle model where new informatio...

Hou (2007) finds that within an industry, the stock returns of larger firms lead those of smaller firms, suggesting an intra-industry information diffusion process. Most industry leaders, however, have business segments in other industries (henceforth, minor-segment industries) while most small firms are pure players operating in one industry only. If cognitive resource-constrained investors tr...

The "Cooperative Airborne Radiometer for Ocean and Land Studies" (CAROLS) L-Band radiometer was designed and built as a copy of the EMIRAD II radiometer constructed by the Technical University of Denmark team. It is a fully polarimetric and direct sampling correlation radiometer. It is installed on board a dedicated French ATR42 research aircraft, in conjunction with other airborne instruments ...