A body of work in ethics and epistemology has advanced a collectivist view of virtues. Collectivism holds that some social groups can be subjects in themselves which can possess attributes such as agency or responsibility. Collectivism about virtues holds that virtues (and vices) are among those attributes. By focusing on two different accounts, I argue that the collectivist virtue project has ...

The authors propose that people use 2 routes in justifying self-gratification: 1st through hard work or excellence (entitlement) and the 2nd through the attainment of vices without depleting income. This framework was tested using real tasks and choices adopted from prior research on self-control. The results indicate that (a) higher effort and (bogus) excellence feedback increase preferences f...

Moral evolution theories have emphasized kinship, reciprocity, group selection, and equilibrium selection. Yet, moral virtues are also sexually attractive. Darwin suggested that sexual attractiveness may explain many aspects of human morality. This paper updates his argument by integrating recent research on mate choice, person perception, individual differences, costly signaling, and virtue et...

This paper presents a concise and stimulating introduction to virtue epistemology, field of epistemology that has gained increasing importance in recent decades. At the beginning paper, we explain methodological turn towards epistemic agent as subject research, which is defining characteristic this approach epistemology. We introduce two main approaches understanding virtues: reliabilism respon...

This paper compares epistemic virtue from the viewpoints of Zagzebski and Mulla Sadra, aiming to determine the extent to which their viewpoints on epistemic virtue are similar. Zagzebski, the contemporary philosopher, considers epistemic virtue as the basis on which knowledge is interpreted. She sees epistemic virtue as a requirement for achieving knowledge. Mulla Sadra, the founder of Transcen...

Abstract Existing studies have examined the demand elasticities for organic products only in select categories, and their results consumers' sensitivity to price changes are inconsistent. Evidence regarding effects of promotions on foods vs non-organic is scarce. This study aims (1) examine own-price counterparts both with without a promotion variety product (2) investigate how distinctive betw...