The species population of enterococci isolated from four poultry houses for six grow-outs on one farm was determined. Two houses on the farm were control houses and did not use any antimicrobials, while two other houses on the farm used flavomycin, virginiamycin, and bacitracin during different poultry grow-outs. Litter, chick boxliners, feed, and poultry carcass rinses were obtained from each ...

(1) For all real numbers s1, s3, s4, l such that s1 ≤ s3 and s1 ≤ s4 and 0 ≤ l and l ≤ 1 holds s1 ≤ (1− l) · s3 + l · s4. (2) For all real numbers s1, s3, s4, l such that s3 ≤ s1 and s4 ≤ s1 and 0 ≤ l and l ≤ 1 holds (1− l) · s3 + l · s4 ≤ s1. (3) If n > 0, then mn mod m = 0. (4) If j > 0 and i mod j = 0, then i÷ j = j . (5) If n > 0, then in÷ i = in i . (6) If 0 < n and 1 < r, then 1 < rn. (7)...

In pig production, the terms "growth promoter", "performance enhancer", and "digestive enhancer" include a diverse range of products ranging from simple chemicals (copper salts) to chemically produced antibacterial compounds (carbadox) to antibiotics (tylosin, avilamycin, salinomycin, virginiamycin). Most of the antibiotic group are produced during a fermentation process by yeasts, moulds, and ...

With increasing pressures to reduce or eliminate the use of antimicrobials for growth promotion purposes in production animals, there is a growing need to better understand the effects elicited by these agents in order to identify alternative approaches that might be used to maintain animal health. Antibiotic usage at subtherapeutic levels is postulated to confer a number of modulations in the ...

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different level of virginiamycin (VIR) on Growth performance, biochemistry, and hematology blood parameters broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to four groups of 15 chicks each. Each four groups assigned in completely randomized design with four replicate. Experimental groups consisted ...

A study was conducted to compare Gram positive (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Berevibacillus laterosporus) and Gram negative probiotics’ bacteria (E. coli Nissle 1917) with antibiotic (Virginiamycin) on serum biochemistry and intestinal microflora in broiler chicks. Total of 140, one-day old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were subjected to a 42-day experimental period. The chicks were divided into ...